shell高级技巧-变量替换运算符

最新推荐文章于 2022-05-21 17:32:31 发布
最新推荐文章于 2022-05-21 17:32:31 发布
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分类专栏： shell脚本编程 文章标签： shell
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bash中提供了一组可以同时检验和修改变量的特定修改符。这些修改符提供了一个快捷的方法来检验变量是不是被设置过，并把输出结果输出到一个变量中，见下表：
修改符描述用途
${variable:-word}如variable被设置且非空，则返回该值，否则返回word，变量值不变。如变量未定义，返回默认值。
${variable-word}如variable未被设置，则返回word，变量值不变，如果设置变量，则返回变量值，即使变量的值为空值。如变量未设置，返回默认值。
${variable:=word}如variable被设置且非空，则返回该值，否则设置变量为word，同时返回word。如果变量未定义，则设置其为默认值。
${variable=word}如variable未设置，则设置变量为word，同时返回word，如果variable被设置且为空，将返回空值，同时variable不变。否则返回variable值，同时variable不变。如果变量未设置，则设置其为默认值。
${variable:+word}如variable被设置且非空，则返回word，否则返回null，变量值不变。用于测试变量是否存在。
${variable+word}如variable被设置(即使是空值)，则返回word，否则返回空。用于测试变量是否设置。
${variable:?word}如variable被设置且非空，则返回该值，否则显示word，然后退出Shell。如果word为空，打印"parameter null or not set" 为了捕捉由于变量未定义所导致的错误。
${variable:offset}从variable的offset位置开始取，直到末尾。
${variable:offset:length}从variable的offset位置开始取length个字符。
    #${variable:-word}的示例，其C语言表示形式为：
    #    if (NULL == variable)
    #        return word;
    #    else
    #        return $variable;
    [root@xieqichao ~]# unset var_name                        #将变量var_name置为空。
    [root@xieqichao ~]# var_name=
    [root@xieqichao ~]# echo ${var_name:-NewValue}    #var_name为空，因此返回NewValue
    NewValue
    [root@xieqichao ~]# echo $var_name                        #var_name的值未变化，仍然为空。

<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                   #给var_name赋值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">-</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>    #var_name非空，因此返回var_name的原有值。
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                        #var_name的值未变化，仍然OldValue。
OldValue

#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token operator">-</span>word<span class="token punctuation">}</span>的示例，其伪码表示形式为：
#    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>variable is <span class="token constant">NOT</span> <span class="token keyword">set</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> word<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token keyword">else</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> $variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># unset var_name                         #取消该变量var_name的设置。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">-</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>    #var_name为空，因此返回NewValue
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                        #var_name的值未变化，仍然为空。

<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                   #给var_name赋值，即便执行var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>，其结果也是一样。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">-</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>    #var_name非空，因此返回var_name的原有值。
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                        #var_name的值未变化，仍然OldValue。
OldValue


#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">=</span>word<span class="token punctuation">}</span>的示例，其<span class="token constant">C</span>语言表示形式为：
#    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token constant">NULL</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> variable<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        variable<span class="token operator">=</span>world<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> word<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> $variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># unset var_name                        #将变量var_name置为空。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">=</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #var_name为空，设置变量为NewValue同时返回NewValue。
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                        #var_name的值已经被设置为NewValue。
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                  #给var_name赋值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">=</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #var_name非空，因此返回var_name的原有值。
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name的值未变化，仍然OldValue。
OldValue

#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token operator">=</span>word<span class="token punctuation">}</span>的示例，其伪码表示形式为：
#    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>variable is <span class="token constant">NOT</span> <span class="token keyword">set</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        variable<span class="token operator">=</span>world<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> word<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>variable <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token constant">NULL</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> $variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">//variable is NULL</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> $variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># unset var_name                        #取消该变量var_name的设置。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>  #var_name未被设置，设置变量为NewValue同时返回NewValue。
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                        #var_name的值已经被设置为NewValue。
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>                              #设置变量var_name，并给该变量赋空值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>  #var_name被设置，且为空值，返回var_name的原有空值。

<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name的值未变化，仍未空值。

<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                  #给var_name赋值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>  #var_name非空，因此返回var_name的原有值。
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name的值未变化，仍然OldValue。
OldValue

#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">+</span>word<span class="token punctuation">}</span>的示例，其<span class="token constant">C</span>语言表示形式为：
#    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token constant">NULL</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> variable<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> word<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token keyword">else</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> $variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                  #设置变量var_name，其值为非空。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">+</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #由于var_name有值，因此返回NewValue
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name的值仍然为远之OldValue
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># unset var_name                        #将var_name置为空值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">+</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #由于var_name为空，因此返回<span class="token keyword">null</span>。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name仍然保持原有的空值。

#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token operator">+</span>word<span class="token punctuation">}</span>的示例，其伪码表示形式为：
#    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>variable is <span class="token keyword">set</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> word<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token keyword">else</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> $variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                  #设置变量var_name，其值为非空。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">+</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #由于var_name有值，因此返回NewValue
NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name的值仍然为远之OldValue
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># unset var_name                        #取消对变量var_name的设置。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token operator">+</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #返回空值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name仍未被设置。

#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">?</span>word<span class="token punctuation">}</span>的示例，其<span class="token constant">C</span>语言表示形式为：
#    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token constant">NULL</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> variable<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">return</span> variable<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token constant">NULL</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> word<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
#            <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"variable : word"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#        <span class="token keyword">else</span>
#            <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"parameter null or not set"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>OldValue                  #设置变量var_name，其值为非空。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">?</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #由于var_name有值，因此返回变量的原有值
OldValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># unset var_name                        #将var_name置为空值。
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">?</span>NewValue<span class="token punctuation">}</span>   #由于var_name为空，因此返回word。
<span class="token operator">-</span>bash<span class="token punctuation">:</span> var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span> NewValue
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $var_name                       #var_name仍然保持原有的空值。

<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">?</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>                #如果word为空，返回下面的输出。
<span class="token operator">-</span>bash<span class="token punctuation">:</span> var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span> parameter <span class="token keyword">null</span> or not <span class="token keyword">set</span>

#$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token punctuation">:</span>offset<span class="token punctuation">}</span>示例：
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>notebook
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
tebook
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>                #如果offset为<span class="token number">0</span>，则取var_name的全部值。
notebook

$<span class="token punctuation">{</span>variable<span class="token punctuation">:</span>offset<span class="token punctuation">:</span>length<span class="token punctuation">}</span>示例：
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># var_name<span class="token operator">=</span>notebook
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
note
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@xieqichao <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span># echo $<span class="token punctuation">{</span>var_name<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
book
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专栏目录
${}的妙用
zhangbg的专栏
03-12 4289
转自chinaunix假設我們定義了一個變量為：file=/dir1/dir2/dir3/my.file.txt我們可以用 ${ } 分別替換獲得不同的值：${file#*/}：拿掉第一條 / 及其左邊的字串：dir1/dir2/dir3/my.file.txt${file##*/}：拿掉最後一條 / 及其左邊的字串：my.file.txt${file#*.}：拿掉第一個 .  及其左邊的字串：file.txt${file##*.}：拿掉最後一個 .  及其左邊的字串：txt${file%/*}：拿掉最後條
shell编程---替换运算符
Andy的博客
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替换运算符
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智欣约的博客
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一、数值运算与运算符： 思考引入： [root@localhost sh]# aa=11 [root@localhost sh]# bb=22 [root@localhost sh]# cc=$aa+$bb [root@localhost sh]# echo $cc 11+22 如上：Linux中，shell中的变量类型，都是字符串类型，在此表示加号连接了两个字符串，然后把该字符串赋给了...
bash下几个替换运算符的区分
weixin_30249203的博客
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bash下几个替换运算符的区分 2012-03-21 22:20:54 分类： Python/Ruby 一直对四个替换运算符比较的迷惑，分布太清楚，记下来避免再次遗忘： ${name:-word} 若name存在且非NULL，返回name，否则返回word ${name:=word} 若name存在且非NULL，返回name，否则令name=word并返...
shell逻辑运算符优先级_shell学习笔记（二）shell变量与运算符
weixin_29217235的博客
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shell学习笔记(二)shell变量与运算符目录：====================================================本地变量—局部变量本地变量—局部变量变量替换位置变量标准shell变量特殊变量影响变量的命令引号运算符位运算符逻辑运算符关系(条件)运算符赋值运算符表达式替换运算符的优先级====================================...
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weixin_42469315的博客
04-29 1860
一、变量1.1 变量命名规则开头为字符或下划线，名字中间中能有字母、数字和下划线组成;变量的长度不超过255个字符;变量名在有效的范围内必须是唯一的; //如再次定义则会替换上一个变量的值在Bash中,变量的默认类型都是字符串型。//即系统把所有值都当作字符串放到变量中，不论这个“字符串”实际上是整数、浮点数等等。1.2 变量类型1.2.1 用户自定义变量1、变量=值 e.g x=5 注意，变量...
Advancede-Bash-Shell-Scripting-Guide
05-15
本指南将深入探讨Bash Shell脚本的高级概念和技巧。 ### 1. Bash Shell基础 Bash（Bourne-Again SHell）是GNU项目的一个组成部分，它是对经典Bourne Shell的扩展。了解Bash的基础知识是编写有效脚本的第一步，包括...
详解shell 变量的高级用法示例
01-09
在Shell脚本编程中，变量...总的来说，理解并熟练掌握Shell变量的高级用法，以及相关的字符串处理技巧，对于编写高效且灵活的Shell脚本至关重要。在日常工作中，这些技能可以帮助我们更轻松地自动化各种系统管理任务。
shell 给未定义的变量设定默认值 ${parameter:-word}
weixin_30507269的博客
05-17 590
参考: [ Unix & Linux ] Shell Demo $echo ${JENKINS_VERSION:-2.7.4} 2.7.4 $JENKINS_VERSION=2.99 $echo ${JENKINS_VERSION:-2.7.4} 2.99 转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/tiantiandas/p/shell_set_default_val...
关于shell中$VARIABLE ${VARIABLE} "$VARIABLE"
u011405324的专栏
03-09 1464
这是一个关于添加记录到指定文件的小工具 首先给出正常运行的代码#!/bin/bash echo "Choose an action to executive!" echo "1|append):add a line to the file 2|cat)print the content of the file 3|quit)exit the process" read action
shell 几中专用修饰符 :- :+ := ${variable:offset:length}
chaoping315的专栏
02-20 1954
${variable:-word} 如果variable已经被设置了，且不为空，则代入它的置，否则代入word;$ fruit=peach$ echo ${fruit:-plum}peach$ echo ${newfruit:-apple}apple ${variable:=word}如果variable已经被设置且不为空，则代入它的值，否则代入word，并且在后面va
Shell变量替换
m0_57808069的博客
05-21 1650
变量替换总结： 1、${变量#匹配规则} #从头开始匹配，最短删除 2、${变量##匹配规则} #从头开始匹配，最长删除 3、${变量%匹配规则} #从尾开始匹配，最短删除 4、${变量%%匹配规则} #从尾开始匹配，最长删除 5、${变量/旧字符串/新字符串} #替换变量内旧的字符串为新字符串，自替换第一个 6、${变量//旧字符串/新字符串} #替换变量内旧的字符串为新字符串，全部替换 ...
shell判断整数变量的奇偶性
weixin_46575696的博客
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shell 脚本编程 函数定义 脚本中断
weixin_46575696的博客
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shell 脚本编程 函数定义 脚本中断 shell函数： 将需要重复使用的操作，定义为公共的语句块，叫函数 语法结构： 格式1： function 函数名 { 命令序列 ... 格式2： 函数（） { 命令序列 } 调用函数： 函数名 参数1 参数2 … //在函数中使用位置变量来调用参数...
shell获取当前时间距纪元时间(1970年1月1日)所经过的天数
weixin_46575696的博客
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shell技巧-将单列显示转换为多列显示
weixin_46575696的博客
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shell高级技巧-用脚本完成which命令的基本功能
weixin_46575696的博客
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shell高级技巧-获取进程的运行时长
weixin_46575696的博客
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Shell脚本编程：变量替换与流程控制
"本资源是一份关于Shell脚本编程的教程PPT，涵盖了Shell脚本的基本概念、编写、执行和调试方法，以及变量替换扩展、条件测试、流程控制语句和函数等内容。通过实例展示了变量如何被赋值、测试和使用，强调了变量替换...
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