id() 返回对象的唯一标识
内置函数 id(),Python 官方文档描述如下:
help(id)
Help on built-in function id in module builtins:
id(obj, /)
Return the identity of an object.
This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
(CPython uses the object's memory address.)
返回对象的唯一标识。该标识是一个整数,在此对象的生命周期中保证是唯一且恒定的。
CPython 中该标识是对象的内存地址。
id(1), id(1.0)
(140736642126656, 2785998726512)
1 == 1.0
True
# 两个变量引用了同一个值为 1 的对象
a = 1
b = int('01')
id(a), id(b)
(140736642126656, 140736642126656)
# 两个值为 1000 的不同对象
a = 1000
b = 1000
id(a), id(b)
(2785998745552, 2785998745360)
# 可变对象改变值,还是同一个对象
_list = [1,2,3]
print(id(_list),_list)
del _list[:]
print(id(_list),_list)
2785999307336 [1, 2, 3]
2785999307336 []
input() 接受输入返回字符串
内置函数 input(),Python 官方文档描述如下:
help(input)
Help on method raw_input in module ipykernel.kernelbase:
raw_input(prompt='') method of ipykernel.ipkernel.IPythonKernel instance
Forward raw_input to frontends
Raises
------
StdinNotImplentedError if active frontend doesn't support stdin.
如果存在 prompt 实参,则作为提示信息输出。接下来,该函数将输入转换为字符串并返回。无输入则返回空字符串。
input('输入提示:')
输入提示: 1+1
'1+1'
input('输入提示:')
输入提示:
''
int 创建整数
内置函数(类)int,Python 官方文档描述如下:
help(int)
Help on class int in module builtins:
class int(object)
| int([x]) -> integer
| int(x, base=10) -> integer
|
| Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
| are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
| numbers, this truncates towards zero.
|
| If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
| bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
| given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
| by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
| Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
| >>> int('0b100', base=0)
| 4
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| bool
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __abs__(self, /)
| abs(self)
|
| __add__(self, value, /)
| Return self+value.
|
| __and__(self, value, /)
| Return self&value.
|
| __bool__(self, /)
| self != 0
|
| __ceil__(...)
| Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.
|
| __divmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(self, value).
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __float__(self, /)
| float(self)
|
| __floor__(...)
| Flooring an Integral returns itself.
|
| __floordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return self//value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Default object formatter.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
| __getnewargs__(self, /)
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __index__(self, /)
| Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.
|
| __int__(self, /)
| int(self)
|
| __invert__(self, /)
| ~self
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self<<value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __mod__(self, value, /)
| Return self%value.
|
| __mul__(self, value, /)
| Return self*value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __neg__(self, /)
| -self
|
| __or__(self, value, /)
| Return self|value.
|
| __pos__(self, /)
| +self
|
| __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(self, value, mod).
|
| __radd__(self, value, /)
| Return value+self.
|
| __rand__(self, value, /)
| Return value&self.
|
| __rdivmod__(self, value, /)
| Return divmod(value, self).
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)
| Return value//self.
|
| __rlshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value<<self.
|
| __rmod__(self, value, /)
| Return value%self.
|
| __rmul__(self, value, /)
| Return value*self.
|
| __ror__(self, value, /)
| Return value|self.
|
| __round__(...)
| Rounding an Integral returns itself.
| Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
|
| __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)
| Return pow(value, self, mod).
|
| __rrshift__(self, value, /)
| Return value>>self.
|
| __rshift__(self, value, /)
| Return self>>value.
|
| __rsub__(self, value, /)
| Return value-self.
|
| __rtruediv__(self, value, /)
| Return value/self.
|
| __rxor__(self, value, /)
| Return value^self.
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Returns size in memory, in bytes.
|
| __sub__(self, value, /)
| Return self-value.
|
| __truediv__(self, value, /)
| Return self/value.
|
| __trunc__(...)
| Truncating an Integral returns itself.
|
| __xor__(self, value, /)
| Return self^value.
|
| as_integer_ratio(self, /)
| Return integer ratio.
|
| Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original int
| and with a positive denominator.
|
| >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
| (10, 1)
| >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
| (-10, 1)
| >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
| (0, 1)
|
| bit_length(self, /)
| Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
|
| >>> bin(37)
| '0b100101'
| >>> (37).bit_length()
| 6
|
| conjugate(...)
| Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.
|
| to_bytes(self, /, length, byteorder, *, signed=False)
| Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
|
| length
| Length of bytes object to use. An OverflowError is raised if the
| integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.
| byteorder
| The byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is 'big',
| the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If
| byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
| byte array. To request the native byte order of the host s