python 内置函数（三）

callable() 是可调用对象？

内置函数 callable()，Python 官方文档描述如下：

help(callable)

Help on built-in function callable in module builtins:

callable(obj, /)
    Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
    
    Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
    __call__() method.

如果 obj 是可调用对象就返回 True，否则返回 False。如果返回 True，调用仍可能失败，但如果返回 False，则调用将肯定不会成功。

函数、方法、类以及实现了 __call__() 方法的类的实例是可调用的。

callable(1)

False

callable(int)

True

class Myint(int):
    def __call__(self):
        pass
num = Myint(1)
num

1

callable(num)

True

callable(lambda: 1)

True

chr() 返回 Unicode 码位值对应字符

内置函数 chr()，Python 官方文档描述如下：

help(chr)

Help on built-in function chr in module builtins:

chr(i, /)
    Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.

返回 Unicode 码位对应的字符的字符串格式。码位范围是 0~1114111（16 进制表示是 0x10FFFF），超过这个范围，会触发 ValueError 异常。该函数是 ord() 的逆函数。

chr(97)

'a'

ord('a')

97

chr(1114111)

'\U0010ffff'

chr(1114112)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-5-4857faf08086> in <module>
----> 1 chr(1114112)


ValueError: chr() arg not in range(0x110000)

classmethod 封装函数为类方法

内置函数（类）classmethod，Python 官方文档描述如下：

help(classmethod)

Help on class classmethod in module builtins:

class classmethod(object)
 |  classmethod(function) -> method
 |  
 |  Convert a function to be a class method.
 |  
 |  A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
 |  just like an instance method receives the instance.
 |  To declare a class method, use this idiom:
 |  
 |    class C:
 |        @classmethod
 |        def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
 |            ...
 |  
 |  It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
 |  (e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.
 |  If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
 |  object is passed as the implied first argument.
 |  
 |  Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
 |  If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __get__(self, instance, owner, /)
 |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.
 |  
 |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Static methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type
 |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.
 |  
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |  
 |  __dict__
 |  
 |  __func__
 |  
 |  __isabstractmethod__

把一个函数封装成类方法。一个类方法把类自己作为第一个实参，就像一个实例方法把实例自己作为第一个实参。

可将函数作为参数来声明类方法，但请用习惯的装饰器形式（@classmethod）来声明类方法。

type(classmethod)

type

class A<