【气象常用】等值线填充+风矢量

效果图：

主要步骤：

1. 数据准备：下载ERA5 500hPa月平均风场数据就好啦（不会的可以看这篇帖子）

2. 数据处理：计算气候态u、v风速以及合成风速

3. 图像绘制：绘制矢量风场及等值线填充，并设置图像地理信息、经纬网格及坐标刻度

详细代码：着急的直接拖到最后有完整代码

步骤一：导入库包及图片存储路径并设置中文字体为宋体，西文为新罗马（没有的库包要先下好奥）

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy.feature as cfeature
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import matplotlib.ticker as mticker
#from datetime import datetime
from cartopy.mpl.ticker import LongitudeFormatter, LatitudeFormatter
from cartopy.mpl.gridliner import LONGITUDE_FORMATTER, LATITUDE_FORMATTER
from cartopy.io.shapereader import Reader
import xarray as xr
# 设置西文字体为新罗马字体，中文为宋体，字号为12
from matplotlib import rcParams
config = {
            "font.family": 'serif',
            "font.size": 12,
            "mathtext.fontset": 'stix',
            "font.serif": ['SimSun'],
          }
rcParams.update(config)
rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False
###############################################################################

步骤二：读取nc文件并读入数据

# 读取nc文件
datapath = r'H:/00.csdn/01data/'
figpath = r'H:/00.csdn/02fig/'
shppath = r'H:/00.csdn/04shp/cn_shp/Province_9/Province_9.shp'
data_u = xr.open_dataset(datapath + 'uwnd.nc')
data_v = xr.open_dataset(datapath + 'vwnd.nc')
# print(data_u)
lons = data_u.longitude
lats = data_u.latitude
lon, lat = np.meshgrid(lons, lats)

time = data_u.time
# print(time)
u = data_u.u
v = data_v.v
# print(u)

data_u.close()
data_v.close()

步骤三：计算u、v风速气候态及全风速

# 计算气候态
u_clm = np.array(np.mean(u, axis=0))
v_clm = np.array(np.mean(v, axis=0))

# 计算气候态风速
speed = (u_clm **2 + v_clm**2) **0.5

步骤四：绘制图像主体（即是矢量风场和风速填充）

这里提供了两种矢量画法，一个是箭头表示风速风向，另一个是风羽表示，大家按需选择

###############################################################################
# 绘制图像
level = np.arange(0, 10, 1)
extent = [60, 140, 10, 70]
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(15,6))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 1, 1],projection=ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=120))

# 风速
counter = ax.contourf(lon, lat, speed, levels=level, 
                       extend='both', cmap='RdBu_r', transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
# # 风羽
# plt.barbs(lon[::10, ::10], lat[::10, ::10],
#           u_clm[::10, ::10], v_clm[::10, ::10],
#           color='k',length=5 ,
#           transform=ccrs.PlateCarree()) 

# 箭头
quiver = ax.quiver(lon[::10, ::10], lat[::10, ::10],
                    u_clm[::10, ::10], v_clm[::10, ::10],
                    pivot='mid',width=0.002, 
                    headwidth=4, alpha=1,
                    transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())

步骤五：设置图像地理信息、经纬网格及坐标刻度

# 添加地理信息
ax.add_feature(cfeature.OCEAN.with_scale('50m'))  # 海洋填充为蓝色
ax.add_feature(cfeature.LAND.with_scale('50m'), facecolor='w')  # 陆地填充为白色
# help(ax.add_feature)
# ax.add_feature(cfeature.RIVERS.with_scale('50m'))  # 添加河流
# ax.add_feature(cfeature.LAKES.with_scale('50m'))  # 添加湖泊
# ax.add_feature(cfeature.BORDERS.with_scale('50m'),lw=0.5)  # 添加国界线
ax.add_feature(cfeature.COASTLINE.with_scale('50m'),lw=0.5)  # 添加海岸线
ax.add_geometries(Reader(shppath).geometries(), ccrs.PlateCarree(),
                  facecolor='none', edgecolor='k', linewidth=0.7)  #添加中国国界

# 设置显示范围
ax.set_extent(extent, crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())

# 设置是否显示经纬网格线及坐标刻度
# 画经纬度网格
gl = ax.gridlines(crs=ccrs.PlateCarree(), draw_labels=False, linewidth=1.2, 
                  color='k', alpha=0.5, linestyle='--')
    
gl.top_labels = False  # 关闭顶端的经纬度标签
gl.right_labels = False  # 关闭右侧的经纬度标签
gl.xformatter = LONGITUDE_FORMATTER  # x轴设为经度的格式
gl.yformatter = LATITUDE_FORMATTER  # y轴设为纬度的格式

# 设置经纬度网格的间隔及坐标标签
gl.xlocator = mticker.FixedLocator(np.arange(extent[0], extent[1]+10, 10))
gl.ylocator = mticker.FixedLocator(np.arange(extent[2], extent[3]+10, 10))
ax.set_xticks(list(range(extent[0], extent[1]+10, 10)), crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.set_yticks(list(range(extent[2], extent[3]+10, 10)), crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())
    
lon_formatter = LongitudeFormatter(zero_direction_label=True)  # zero_direction_label用来设置经度的0度加不加E和W
lat_formatter = LatitudeFormatter()
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(lon_formatter)
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(lat_formatter)

步骤六：设置色标

###############################################################################
# 色标设置
rect = [0.3, 0.015, 0.6, 0.04]
cbar_ax = fig.add_axes(rect)

cb = fig.colorbar(counter, drawedges=True, ticks=level, 
                  cax=cbar_ax, orientation='horizontal')
cb.set_label('m/s', fontsize=12)
cb.ax.tick_params(length=0)

步骤七：保存图像

###############################################################################
# 保存
plt.savefig(figpath+'003 风场+填色（箭头）.png', dpi=600, bbox_inches = 'tight')
plt.show()

完整代码在这里：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy.feature as cfeature
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import matplotlib.ticker as mticker
#from datetime import datetime
from cartopy.mpl.ticker import LongitudeFormatter, LatitudeFormatter
from cartopy.mpl.gridliner import LONGITUDE_FORMATTER, LATITUDE_FORMATTER
from cartopy.io.shapereader import Reader
import xarray as xr
# 设置西文字体为新罗马字体，中文为宋体，字号为12
from matplotlib import rcParams
config = {
            "font.family": 'serif',
            "font.size": 12,
            "mathtext.fontset": 'stix',
            "font.serif": ['SimSun'],
          }
rcParams.update(config)
rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False
###############################################################################
# 读取nc文件
datapath = r'H:/00.csdn/01data/'
figpath = r'H:/00.csdn/02fig/'
shppath = r'H:/00.csdn/04shp/cn_shp/Province_9/Province_9.shp'
data_u = xr.open_dataset(datapath + 'uwnd.nc')
data_v = xr.open_dataset(datapath + 'vwnd.nc')
# print(data_u)
lons = data_u.longitude
lats = data_u.latitude
lon, lat = np.meshgrid(lons, lats)

time = data_u.time
# print(time)
u = data_u.u
v = data_v.v
# print(u)

data_u.close()
data_v.close()

###############################################################################
# 计算气候态
u_clm = np.array(np.mean(u, axis=0))
v_clm = np.array(np.mean(v, axis=0))

# 计算气候态风速
speed = (u_clm **2 + v_clm**2) **0.5
###############################################################################
# 绘制图像
level = np.arange(0, 10, 1)
extent = [60, 140, 10, 70]
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(15,6))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 1, 1],projection=ccrs.PlateCarree(central_longitude=120))

# 风速
counter = ax.contourf(lon, lat, speed, levels=level, 
                       extend='both', cmap='RdBu_r', transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
# # 风羽
# plt.barbs(lon[::10, ::10], lat[::10, ::10],
#           u_clm[::10, ::10], v_clm[::10, ::10],
#           color='k',length=5 ,
#           transform=ccrs.PlateCarree()) 

# 箭头
quiver = ax.quiver(lon[::10, ::10], lat[::10, ::10],
                    u_clm[::10, ::10], v_clm[::10, ::10],
                    pivot='mid',width=0.002, 
                    headwidth=4, alpha=1,
                    transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())


# 添加地理信息
ax.add_feature(cfeature.OCEAN.with_scale('50m'))  # 海洋填充为蓝色
ax.add_feature(cfeature.LAND.with_scale('50m'), facecolor='w')  # 陆地填充为白色
# help(ax.add_feature)
# ax.add_feature(cfeature.RIVERS.with_scale('50m'))  # 添加河流
# ax.add_feature(cfeature.LAKES.with_scale('50m'))  # 添加湖泊
# ax.add_feature(cfeature.BORDERS.with_scale('50m'),lw=0.5)  # 添加国界线
ax.add_feature(cfeature.COASTLINE.with_scale('50m'),lw=0.5)  # 添加海岸线
ax.add_geometries(Reader(shppath).geometries(), ccrs.PlateCarree(),
                  facecolor='none', edgecolor='k', linewidth=0.7)  #添加中国国界

# 设置显示范围
ax.set_extent(extent, crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())

# 设置是否显示经纬网格线及坐标刻度
# 画经纬度网格
gl = ax.gridlines(crs=ccrs.PlateCarree(), draw_labels=False, linewidth=1.2, 
                  color='k', alpha=0.5, linestyle='--')
    
gl.top_labels = False  # 关闭顶端的经纬度标签
gl.right_labels = False  # 关闭右侧的经纬度标签
gl.xformatter = LONGITUDE_FORMATTER  # x轴设为经度的格式
gl.yformatter = LATITUDE_FORMATTER  # y轴设为纬度的格式

# 设置经纬度网格的间隔及坐标标签
gl.xlocator = mticker.FixedLocator(np.arange(extent[0], extent[1]+10, 10))
gl.ylocator = mticker.FixedLocator(np.arange(extent[2], extent[3]+10, 10))
ax.set_xticks(list(range(extent[0], extent[1]+10, 10)), crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.set_yticks(list(range(extent[2], extent[3]+10, 10)), crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())
    
lon_formatter = LongitudeFormatter(zero_direction_label=True)  # zero_direction_label用来设置经度的0度加不加E和W
lat_formatter = LatitudeFormatter()
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(lon_formatter)
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(lat_formatter)
###############################################################################
# 色标设置
rect = [0.3, 0.015, 0.6, 0.04]
cbar_ax = fig.add_axes(rect)

cb = fig.colorbar(counter, drawedges=True, ticks=level, 
                  cax=cbar_ax, orientation='horizontal')
cb.set_label('m/s', fontsize=12)
cb.ax.tick_params(length=0)
###############################################################################
# 保存
plt.savefig(figpath+'003 风场+填色（箭头）.png', dpi=600, bbox_inches = 'tight')
plt.show()