Django：ORM基本操作-CRUD，管理器对象objects，-----＞查询2（filter，exclude，get，查询谓词）

https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/3.2/ref/models/expressions/

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.19042.928]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\520>cd..

C:\Users>cd 520

C:\Users\520>cd mysite

C:\Users\520\mysite>dir
 驱动器 C 中的卷是 Windows-SSD
 卷的序列号是 42D9-2A68

 C:\Users\520\mysite 的目录

2021/05/20  22:47    <DIR>          .
2021/05/20  22:47    <DIR>          ..
2021/06/08  22:28    <DIR>          .idea
2021/05/20  22:47           135,168 db.sqlite3
2021/05/20  22:32               684 manage.py
2021/05/28  23:57    <DIR>          myapp
2021/05/28  23:57    <DIR>          mysite
2021/05/20  22:32    <DIR>          templates
2021/05/20  22:32    <DIR>          venv
               2 个文件        135,852 字节
               7 个目录 425,960,681,472 可用字节

C:\Users\520\mysite>python manage.py shell
Python 3.7.7 (tags/v3.7.7:d7c567b08f, Mar 10 2020, 10:41:24) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from myapp.models import Book
>>> b1 = Book.objects.filter(pub="清华大学出版社")
>>> b1
<QuerySet [<Book: 书名：python_出版社：清华大学出版社_价格：20.00_市场价：25.00>, <Book: 书名：django_出版社：清华大学出版社_价格：70.00_市场价：75.00>, <Book: 书名：html5_出版社：清华大学出版社_价格：90.00_市场价：105.00>]>
>>> for book in b1:
...     print("书名：", book.title)
...
书名： python
书名： django
书名： html5
>>> b2 = Book.objects.filter(pub="清华大学出版社", title="python")
>>> b2
<QuerySet [<Book: 书名：python_出版社：清华大学出版社_价格：20.00_市场价：25.00>]>
>>> print(b2.query)
SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`title`, `book`.`pub`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`market_price` FROM `book` WHERE (`book`.`pub` = 清华大学出版社 AND `book`.`title` = python)
>>>

多个条件，则之间是AND关系

>>> b1 = Book.objects.get(pub="清华大学出版社")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:\Users\520\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\520\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 442, in get
    num if not limit or num < limit else 'more than %s' % (limit - 1),
myapp.models.Book.MultipleObjectsReturned: get() returned more than one Book -- it returned 3!


>>> b2 = Book.objects.get(pub="中信出版社")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:\Users\520\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Users\520\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 437, in get
    self.model._meta.object_name
myapp.models.Book.DoesNotExist: Book matching query does not exist.
>>>

>>> b3 = Book.objects.get(id=1)
>>> b3
<Book: 书名：python_出版社：清华大学出版社_价格：20.00_市场价：25.00>
>>>

>>> b4 = Book.objects.filter(id__gt=3)
>>> b4
<QuerySet [<Book: 书名：linux_出版社：机械工业出版社_价格：80.00_市场价：65.00>, <Book: 书名：html5_出版社：清华大学出版社_价格：90.00_市场价：105.00>]>
>>> print(b4.query)
SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`title`, `book`.`pub`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`market_price` FROM `book` WHERE `book`.`id` > 3
>>>