差分数组

构造一个差分数组，与前缀和类似，差分数组是适用于频繁增减的数组，最后求数组的值。差分数组把对数组的操作转换为了对差分数组的操作，比较方便。

class Difference {
    // 差分数组
    private int[] diff;

    public Difference(int[] nums) {
        assert nums.length > 0;
        diff = new int[nums.length];
        // 构造差分数组
        diff[0] = nums[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < nums.length; i++) {
            diff[i] = nums[i] - nums[i - 1];
        }
    }

    /* 给闭区间 [i,j] 增加 val（可以是负数）*/
    public void increment(int i, int j, int val) {
        diff[i] += val;
        if (j + 1 < diff.length) {
            diff[j + 1] -= val;
        }
    }

    public int[] result() {
        int[] res = new int[diff.length];
        // 根据差分数组构造结果数组
        res[0] = diff[0];
        for (int i = 1; i < diff.length; i++) {
            res[i] = res[i - 1] + diff[i];
        }
        return res;
    }
}