RAID磁盘冗余阵列
部署磁盘阵列
mdadm命令用于管理Linux系统中的软件RAID硬盘阵列，格式为“mdadm [模式] <RAID设备名称> [选项] [成员设备名称]”。
mdadm命令的常用参数和作用
参数 作用
1. -a 检测设备名称
2. -n 指定设备数量
3. -l 指定RAID级别
4. -C 创建
5. -v 显示过程
6. -f 模拟设备损坏
7. -r 移除设备
8. -Q 查看摘要信息
9. -D 查看详细信息
10. -S 停止RAID磁盘阵列
加4块硬盘（关机状态下）
[root@zzy Desktop]# ls -l /dev/sd*
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sda
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sda2
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdb
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 17 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdb1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 32 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdc
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 48 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdd
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 64 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sde
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 80 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdf
[root@zzy Desktop]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 /dev/sd[c-f]
mdadm: layout defaults to n2
mdadm: layout defaults to n2
mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K
mdadm: size set to 20954624K
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@zzy Desktop]# mkfs
mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs
mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat
[root@zzy Desktop]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks
2621440 inodes, 10477312 blocks
523865 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2157969408
320 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@zzy Desktop]# mkdir /lm
[root@zzy Desktop]# mount /dev/md0 /lm
[root@zzy Desktop]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Wed Oct 21 07:10:00 2020
Raid Level : raid10
Array Size : 41909248 (39.97 GiB 42.92 GB)
Used Dev Size : 20954624 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB)
Raid Devices : 4
Total Devices : 4
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Oct 21 07:12:37 2020
State : active, resyncing
Active Devices : 4
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : near=2
Chunk Size : 512K
Resync Status : 76% complete
Name : zzy:0 (local to host zzy)
UUID : a6b873fe:0afc151e:f54a950d:58e87321
Events : 13
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 32 0 active sync /dev/sdc
1 8 48 1 active sync /dev/sdd
2 8 64 2 active sync /dev/sde
3 8 80 3 active sync /dev/sdf
[root@zzy Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab
磁盘阵列+备份盘
部署RAID 5 磁盘阵列时，至少需要用3块硬盘，还需要再加一块备份硬盘。
还原虚拟机，部署RAID 5 + 1备份盘 。
mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -n 3 -l 5 -x 1 /dev/sd[b-e] #用3块硬盘创建RAID 5磁盘阵列，再用1块作为备份盘
mdadm -D /dev/md0 #查看磁盘阵列详细信息，显示3个盘为actvie，1个盘为spare，RAID类型为RAID 5
mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
echo "/dev/md0 /RAID ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab #往/etc/fstab文件追加挂载信息，以实现永久挂载
mkdir /RAID
mount -a
mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb #故意移除RAID 5阵列中的其中一个盘（active的盘）
mdadm -D /dev/md0 #再查看磁盘阵列/dev/md0详细信息，显示备份盘自动定提上去并开始数据同步（spare rebuilding）。
LVM逻辑卷管理器
部署逻辑卷
部署LVM时，需要逐个配置物理卷、卷组和逻辑卷。常用的部署命令如表所示。
部署逻辑卷步骤：（PV -> VG -> LV）
[root@zzy Desktop]# ls -l /dev/sd*
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sda
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sda2
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdb
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 17 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdb1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 32 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdc
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 48 Oct 21 2020 /dev/sdd
[root@zzy Desktop]# pvcreat /dev/sd[c-d]
bash: pvcreat: command not found...
[root@zzy Desktop]# pvcreate /dev/sd[c-d]
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully created
[root@zzy Desktop]# vgcreate qq /dev/sd[c-d]
Volume group "qq" successfully created
[root@zzy Desktop]# lvcreate -n ww -L 100M qq
Logical volume "ww" created
[root@zzy Desktop]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel_zzy/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel_zzy
LV UUID pCibUQ-UJpr-ayel-VQ00-u20S-orF2-LDGjO4
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-09-14 11:26:59 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel_zzy/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel_zzy
LV UUID AYaN4k-d3jX-ATQK-P7nK-adrf-N5Ak-dRWeoR
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-09-14 11:26:59 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 17.51 GiB
Current LE 4482
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/qq/ww
LV Name ww
VG Name qq
LV UUID prNTg3-XYv0-MmG6-QQfx-1OZo-1Kx3-9LLIkC
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time zzy, 2020-10-21 07:35:26 -0400
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 100.00 MiB
Current LE 25
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
[root@zzy Desktop]# mkfs
mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs
mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat
[root@zzy Desktop]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/qq/ww
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
25688 inodes, 102400 blocks
5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504
13 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1976 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@zzy Desktop]# mkdir /ee
[root@zzy Desktop]# mount /dev/qq/ww /ee
[root@zzy Desktop]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_zzy-root 18G 2.9G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 140K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.9M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /zzy
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/qq-ww 93M 1.6M 85M 2% /ee
[root@zzy Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@zzy Desktop]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_zzy-root 18G 2.9G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 140K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.9M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /zzy
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/qq-ww 93M 1.6M 85M 2% /ee
扩容逻辑卷
扩容前，先卸载设备和挂载点的关联。
扩容逻辑卷（lvextend）；
检查硬盘完整性（e2fsck），并重置硬盘容量（resize2fs）；
重新挂载硬盘设备并查看挂载状态。mount -a df -h
[root@zzy Desktop]# umount /ee
[root@zzy Desktop]# e2fsck -f /dev/qq/ww
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/qq/ww: 11/25688 files (9.1% non-contiguous), 8896/102400 blocks
[root@zzy Desktop]# resize2fs /dev/qq/ww
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
The filesystem is already 102400 blocks long. Nothing to do!
[root@zzy Desktop]# lvextend -L 300M /dev/qq/ww
Extending logical volume ww to 300.00 MiB
Logical volume ww successfully resized
[root@zzy Desktop]# e2fsck -f /dev/qq/ww
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/qq/ww: 11/25688 files (9.1% non-contiguous), 8896/102400 blocks
[root@zzy Desktop]# resize2fs /dev/qq/ww
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/qq/ww to 307200 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/qq/ww is now 307200 blocks long.
[root@zzy Desktop]# mount -a
[root@zzy Desktop]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_zzy-root 18G 2.9G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 140K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.9M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /zzy
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/qq-ww 287M 2.0M 266M 1% /ee
缩小逻辑卷
缩容前，先卸载设备和挂载点的关联。
1. 检查硬盘完整性（e2fsck）；
2. 先向系统报备一下即将要执行逻辑卷缩容的操作（resize2fs），再缩容逻辑卷（lvreduce）；
3. 重新挂载硬盘设备并查看挂载状态。mount -a df -h
[root@zzy Desktop]# umount /ee
[root@zzy Desktop]# e2fsck -f /dev/qq/ww
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/qq/ww: 11/75088 files (9.1% non-contiguous), 15637/307200 blocks
[root@zzy Desktop]# resize2fs /dev/qq/ww 50M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/qq/ww to 51200 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/qq/ww is now 51200 blocks long.
[root@zzy Desktop]# lvreduce -L 50M /dev/qq/ww
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 52.00 MiB
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 52.00 MiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce ww? [y/n]: y
Reducing logical volume ww to 52.00 MiB
Logical volume ww successfully resized
[root@zzy Desktop]# e2fsck -f /dev/qq/ww
e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/qq/ww: 11/13832 files (18.2% non-contiguous), 6886/51200 blocks
[root@zzy Desktop]# resize2fs /dev/qq/ww 50M
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
The filesystem is already 51200 blocks long. Nothing to do!
[root@zzy Desktop]# mount -a
[root@zzy Desktop]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_zzy-root 18G 2.9G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 140K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.9M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /zzy
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/qq-ww 45M 1.1M 40M 3% /ee
[root@zzy Desktop]#
逻辑卷快照
LVM还具备有“快照卷”功能，该功能类似于虚拟机软件的还原时间点功能。例如，可以对某一个逻辑卷设备做一次快照，如果日后发现数据被改错了，就可以利用之前做好的快照卷进行覆盖还原。LVM的快照卷功能有两个特点：
1. 快照卷的容量必须等同于逻辑卷的容量；
2. 快照卷仅一次有效，一旦执行还原操作后则会被立即自动删除。
往逻辑卷设备新建一个文件。然后为逻辑卷创建快照卷。再在逻辑卷目录生成一个垃圾文件。后先卸载逻辑卷与挂载点关联，再尝试快照还原操作（lvconvert --merge），再重新挂载，查看逻辑卷目录是否回到创建快照前的状态。
[root@zzy Desktop]# echo "蔺亚棋小姐姐" > /ee/rr
[root@zzy Desktop]# cd /ee
[root@zzy ee]# ls
lost+found rr
[root@zzy ee]# cat rr
蔺亚棋小姐姐
[root@zzy ee]# lvcreate -L 150M -s -n dd /dev/qq/ww
Rounding up size to full physical extent 152.00 MiB
Logical volume "dd" created
[root@zzy ee]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel_zzy/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel_zzy
LV UUID pCibUQ-UJpr-ayel-VQ00-u20S-orF2-LDGjO4
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-09-14 11:26:59 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel_zzy/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel_zzy
LV UUID AYaN4k-d3jX-ATQK-P7nK-adrf-N5Ak-dRWeoR
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-09-14 11:26:59 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 17.51 GiB
Current LE 4482
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/qq/ww
LV Name ww
VG Name qq
LV UUID prNTg3-XYv0-MmG6-QQfx-1OZo-1Kx3-9LLIkC
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time zzy, 2020-10-21 07:35:26 -0400
LV snapshot status source of
dd [active]
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 152.00 MiB
Current LE 38
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/qq/dd
LV Name dd
VG Name qq
LV UUID nbELql-H1GV-OYlH-fF8T-HCgU-ackJ-XVesGX
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time zzy, 2020-10-22 03:59:22 -0400
LV snapshot status active destination for ww
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 152.00 MiB
Current LE 38
COW-table size 152.00 MiB
COW-table LE 38
Allocated to snapshot 0.01%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
[root@zzy ee]# cd ~
[root@zzy ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/ee/ff bs=100M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 1.19315 s, 87.9 MB/s
[root@zzy ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel_zzy/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rhel_zzy
LV UUID pCibUQ-UJpr-ayel-VQ00-u20S-orF2-LDGjO4
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-09-14 11:26:59 -0400
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rhel_zzy/root
LV Name root
VG Name rhel_zzy
LV UUID AYaN4k-d3jX-ATQK-P7nK-adrf-N5Ak-dRWeoR
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2020-09-14 11:26:59 -0400
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 17.51 GiB
Current LE 4482
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/qq/ww
LV Name ww
VG Name qq
LV UUID prNTg3-XYv0-MmG6-QQfx-1OZo-1Kx3-9LLIkC
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time zzy, 2020-10-21 07:35:26 -0400
LV snapshot status source of
dd [active]
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 152.00 MiB
Current LE 38
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/qq/dd
LV Name dd
VG Name qq
LV UUID nbELql-H1GV-OYlH-fF8T-HCgU-ackJ-XVesGX
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time zzy, 2020-10-22 03:59:22 -0400
LV snapshot status active destination for ww
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 152.00 MiB
Current LE 38
COW-table size 152.00 MiB
COW-table LE 38
Allocated to snapshot 66.12%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:3
[root@zzy ~]# umount /ee
[root@zzy ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/qq/dd
Merging of volume dd started.
ww: Merged: 38.6%
ww: Merged: 100.0%
Merge of snapshot into logical volume ww has finished.
Logical volume "dd" successfully removed
[root@zzy ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_zzy-root 18G 2.9G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 140K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.9M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /zzy
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
[root@zzy ~]# mount -a
[root@zzy ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel_zzy-root 18G 2.9G 15G 17% /
devtmpfs 985M 0 985M 0% /dev
tmpfs 994M 140K 994M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 994M 8.9M 986M 1% /run
tmpfs 994M 0 994M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /zzy
/dev/sda1 497M 119M 379M 24% /boot
/dev/mapper/qq-ww 142M 1.6M 130M 2% /ee
[root@zzy ~]# ls /ee
lost+found rr
[root@zzy ~]# cat /ee/rr
蔺亚棋小姐姐
删除逻辑卷
当生产环境中想要重新部署LVM或者不再需要使用LVM时，则需要执行LVM的删除操作。为此，需要提前备份好重要的数据信息，然后依次删除逻辑卷、卷组、物理卷设备，这个顺序不可颠倒。
删除逻辑卷
[root@zzy ~]# umount /ee
[root@zzy ~]# lvremove /qq/ww
"/qq/ww": Invalid path for Logical Volume
[root@zzy ~]# vgremove qq
Do you really want to remove volume group "qq" containing 1 logical volumes? [y/n]: y
Do you really want to remove active logical volume ww? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "ww" successfully removed
Volume group "qq" successfully removed
[root@zzy ~]# ls -l /dev/sd*
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Oct 21 15:31 /dev/sda
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Oct 21 15:31 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Oct 21 15:31 /dev/sda2
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Oct 21 15:31 /dev/sdb
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 17 Oct 21 15:31 /dev/sdb1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 32 Oct 22 04:15 /dev/sdc
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 48 Oct 22 04:15 /dev/sdd
[root@zzy ~]# pvremove /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully wiped
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