TinyRender--500行代码的软件光栅化渲染器学习笔记00——介绍

原项目链接：https://github.com/ssloy/tinyrenderer/wiki/Lesson-0:-getting-started

在这个系列的文章中，作者展示了 OpenGL 的工作方式。任务最终目标是不使用任何第三方库(尤其是图形库)，得到如下的图：

注意：不会展示如何用 OpenGL 编写应用程序。而是展示 OpenGL 是如何工作的。我深信，如果不理解这一点，就不可能使用 3D 库编写高效的应用程序。

由于目标是最小化外部依赖，这个课程只允许使用TGA文件的课程。它是支持 RGB/RGBA/黑白格式图像的最简单格式之一。因此，作为起点，我们将获得一种处理图片的简单方法。您应该注意，一开始唯一可用的功能（除了加载和保存图像）是设置一个像素的颜色的能力。所以你首先需要一个能打开TGA文件的软件，如PS。

没有用于绘制线段和三角形的功能。我们将不得不手工完成所有这些。源代码在下方(你不需要自己写tgaimage文件)：

tgaimage.h:

#ifndef __IMAGE_H__
#define __IMAGE_H__

#include <fstream>

#pragma pack(push,1)
struct TGA_Header {
	char idlength;
	char colormaptype;
	char datatypecode;
	short colormaporigin;
	short colormaplength;
	char colormapdepth;
	short x_origin;
	short y_origin;
	short width;
	short height;
	char  bitsperpixel;
	char  imagedescriptor;
};
#pragma pack(pop)



struct TGAColor {
	union {
		struct {
			unsigned char b, g, r, a;
		};
		unsigned char raw[4];
		unsigned int val;
	};
	int bytespp;

	TGAColor() : val(0), bytespp(1) {
	}

	TGAColor(unsigned char R, unsigned char G, unsigned char B, unsigned char A) : b(B), g(G), r(R), a(A), bytespp(4) {
	}

	TGAColor(int v, int bpp) : val(v), bytespp(bpp) {
	}

	TGAColor(const TGAColor &c) : val(c.val), bytespp(c.bytespp) {
	}

	TGAColor(const unsigned char *p, int bpp) : val(0), bytespp(bpp) {
		for (int i=0; i<bpp; i++) {
			raw[i] = p[i];
		}
	}

	TGAColor & operator =(const TGAColor &c) {
		if (this != &c) {
			bytespp = c.bytespp;
			val = c.val;
		}
		return *this;
	}
};


class TGAImage {
protected:
	unsigned char* data;
	int width;
	int height;
	int bytespp;

	bool   load_rle_data(std::ifstream &in);
	bool unload_rle_data(std::ofstream &out);
public:
	enum Format {
		GRAYSCALE=1, RGB=3, RGBA=4
	};

	TGAImage();
	TGAImage(int w, int h, int bpp);
	TGAImage(const TGAImage &img);
	bool read_tga_file(const char *filename);
	bool write_tga_file(const char *filename, bool rle=true);
	bool flip_horizontally();
	bool flip_vertically();
	bool scale(int w, int h);
	TGAColor get(int x, int y);
	bool set(int x, int y, TGAColor c);
	~TGAImage();
	TGAImage & operator =(const TGAImage &img);
	int get_width();
	int get_height();
	int get_bytespp();
	unsigned char *buffer();
	void clear();
};

#endif //__IMAGE_H__

tgaimage.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "tgaimage.h"

TGAImage::TGAImage() : data(NULL), width(0), height(0), bytespp(0) {
}

TGAImage::TGAImage(int w, int h, int bpp) : data(NULL), width(w), height(h), bytespp(bpp) {
	unsigned long nbytes = width*height*bytespp;
	data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
	memset(data, 0, nbytes);
}

TGAImage::TGAImage(const TGAImage &img) {
	width = img.width;
	height = img.height;
	bytespp = img.bytespp;
	unsigned long nbytes = width*height*bytespp;
	data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
	memcpy(data, img.data, nbytes);
}

TGAImage::~TGAImage() {
	if (data) delete [] data;
}

TGAImage & TGAImage::operator =(const TGAImage &img) {
	if (this != &img) {
		if (data) delete [] data;
		width  = img.width;
		height = img.height;
		bytespp = img.bytespp;
		unsigned long nbytes = width*height*bytespp;
		data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
		memcpy(data, img.data, nbytes);
	}
	return *this;
}

bool TGAImage::read_tga_file(const char *filename) {
	if (data) delete [] data;
	data = NULL;
	std::ifstream in;
	in.open (filename, std::ios::binary);
	if (!in.is_open()) {
		std::cerr << "can't open file " << filename << "\n";
		in.close();
		return false;
	}
	TGA_Header header;
	in.read((char *)&header, sizeof(header));
	if (!in.good()) {
		in.close();
		std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the header\n";
		return false;
	}
	width   = header.width;
	height  = header.height;
	bytespp = header.bitsperpixel>>3;
	if (width<=0 || height<=0 || (bytespp!=GRAYSCALE && bytespp!=RGB && bytespp!=RGBA)) {
		in.close();
		std::cerr << "bad bpp (or width/height) value\n";
		return false;
	}
	unsigned long nbytes = bytespp*width*height;
	data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
	if (3==header.datatypecode || 2==header.datatypecode) {
		in.read((char *)data, nbytes);
		if (!in.good()) {
			in.close();
			std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the data\n";
			return false;
		}
	} else if (10==header.datatypecode||11==header.datatypecode) {
		if (!load_rle_data(in)) {
			in.close();
			std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the data\n";
			return false;
		}
	} else {
		in.close();
		std::cerr << "unknown file format " << (int)header.datatypecode << "\n";
		return false;
	}
	if (!(header.imagedescriptor & 0x20)) {
		flip_vertically();
	}
	if (header.imagedescriptor & 0x10) {
		flip_horizontally();
	}
	std::cerr << width << "x" << height << "/" << bytespp*8 << "\n";
	in.close();
	return true;
}

bool TGAImage::load_rle_data(std::ifstream &in) {
	unsigned long pixelcount = width*height;
	unsigned long currentpixel = 0;
	unsigned long currentbyte  = 0;
	TGAColor colorbuffer;
	do {
		unsigned char chunkheader = 0;
		chunkheader = in.get();
		if (!in.good()) {
			std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the data\n";
			return false;
		}
		if (chunkheader<128) {
			chunkheader++;
			for (int i=0; i<chunkheader; i++) {
				in.read((char *)colorbuffer.raw, bytespp);
				if (!in.good()) {
					std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the header\n";
					return false;
				}
				for (int t=0; t<bytespp; t++)
					data[currentbyte++] = colorbuffer.raw[t];
				currentpixel++;
				if (currentpixel>pixelcount) {
					std::cerr << "Too many pixels read\n";
					return false;
				}
			}
		} else {
			chunkheader -= 127;
			in.read((char *)colorbuffer.raw, bytespp);
			if (!in.good()) {
				std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the header\n";
				return false;
			}
			for (int i=0; i<chunkheader; i++) {
				for (int t=0; t<bytespp; t++)
					data[currentbyte++] = colorbuffer.raw[t];
				currentpixel++;
				if (currentpixel>pixelcount) {
					std::cerr << "Too many pixels read\n";
					return false;
				}
			}
		}
	} while (currentpixel < pixelcount);
	return true;
}

bool TGAImage::write_tga_file(const char *filename, bool rle) {
	unsigned char developer_area_ref[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
	unsigned char extension_area_ref[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
	unsigned char footer[18] = {'T','R','U','E','V','I','S','I','O','N','-','X','F','I','L','E','.','\0'};
	std::ofstream out;
	out.open (filename, std::ios::binary);
	if (!out.is_open()) {
		std::cerr << "can't open file " << filename << "\n";
		out.close();
		return false;
	}
	TGA_Header header;
	memset((void *)&header, 0, sizeof(header));
	header.bitsperpixel = bytespp<<3;
	header.width  = width;
	header.height = height;
	header.datatypecode = (bytespp==GRAYSCALE?(rle?11:3):(rle?10:2));
	header.imagedescriptor = 0x20; // top-left origin
	out.write((char *)&header, sizeof(header));
	if (!out.good()) {
		out.close();
		std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
		return false;
	}
	if (!rle) {
		out.write((char *)data, width*height*bytespp);
		if (!out.good()) {
			std::cerr << "can't unload raw data\n";
			out.close();
			return false;
		}
	} else {
		if (!unload_rle_data(out)) {
			out.close();
			std::cerr << "can't unload rle data\n";
			return false;
		}
	}
	out.write((char *)developer_area_ref, sizeof(developer_area_ref));
	if (!out.good()) {
		std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
		out.close();
		return false;
	}
	out.write((char *)extension_area_ref, sizeof(extension_area_ref));
	if (!out.good()) {
		std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
		out.close();
		return false;
	}
	out.write((char *)footer, sizeof(footer));
	if (!out.good()) {
		std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
		out.close();
		return false;
	}
	out.close();
	return true;
}

// TODO: it is not necessary to break a raw chunk for two equal pixels (for the matter of the resulting size)
bool TGAImage::unload_rle_data(std::ofstream &out) {
	const unsigned char max_chunk_length = 128;
	unsigned long npixels = width*height;
	unsigned long curpix = 0;
	while (curpix<npixels) {
		unsigned long chunkstart = curpix*bytespp;
		unsigned long curbyte = curpix*bytespp;
		unsigned char run_length = 1;
		bool raw = true;
		while (curpix+run_length<npixels && run_length<max_chunk_length) {
			bool succ_eq = true;
			for (int t=0; succ_eq && t<bytespp; t++) {
				succ_eq = (data[curbyte+t]==data[curbyte+t+bytespp]);
			}
			curbyte += bytespp;
			if (1==run_length) {
				raw = !succ_eq;
			}
			if (raw && succ_eq) {
				run_length--;
				break;
			}
			if (!raw && !succ_eq) {
				break;
			}
			run_length++;
		}
		curpix += run_length;
		out.put(raw?run_length-1:run_length+127);
		if (!out.good()) {
			std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
			return false;
		}
		out.write((char *)(data+chunkstart), (raw?run_length*bytespp:bytespp));
		if (!out.good()) {
			std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
			return false;
		}
	}
	return true;
}

TGAColor TGAImage::get(int x, int y) {
	if (!data || x<0 || y<0 || x>=width || y>=height) {
		return TGAColor();
	}
	return TGAColor(data+(x+y*width)*bytespp, bytespp);
}

bool TGAImage::set(int x, int y, TGAColor c) {
	if (!data || x<0 || y<0 || x>=width || y>=height) {
		return false;
	}
	memcpy(data+(x+y*width)*bytespp, c.raw, bytespp);
	return true;
}

int TGAImage::get_bytespp() {
	return bytespp;
}

int TGAImage::get_width() {
	return width;
}

int TGAImage::get_height() {
	return height;
}

bool TGAImage::flip_horizontally() {
	if (!data) return false;
	int half = width>>1;
	for (int i=0; i<half; i++) {
		for (int j=0; j<height; j++) {
			TGAColor c1 = get(i, j);
			TGAColor c2 = get(width-1-i, j);
			set(i, j, c2);
			set(width-1-i, j, c1);
		}
	}
	return true;
}

bool TGAImage::flip_vertically() {
	if (!data) return false;
	unsigned long bytes_per_line = width*bytespp;
	unsigned char *line = new unsigned char[bytes_per_line];
	int half = height>>1;
	for (int j=0; j<half; j++) {
		unsigned long l1 = j*bytes_per_line;
		unsigned long l2 = (height-1-j)*bytes_per_line;
		memmove((void *)line,      (void *)(data+l1), bytes_per_line);
		memmove((void *)(data+l1), (void *)(data+l2), bytes_per_line);
		memmove((void *)(data+l2), (void *)line,      bytes_per_line);
	}
	delete [] line;
	return true;
}

unsigned char *TGAImage::buffer() {
	return data;
}

void TGAImage::clear() {
	memset((void *)data, 0, width*height*bytespp);
}

bool TGAImage::scale(int w, int h) {
	if (w<=0 || h<=0 || !data) return false;
	unsigned char *tdata = new unsigned char[w*h*bytespp];
	int nscanline = 0;
	int oscanline = 0;
	int erry = 0;
	unsigned long nlinebytes = w*bytespp;
	unsigned long olinebytes = width*bytespp;
	for (int j=0; j<height; j++) {
		int errx = width-w;
		int nx   = -bytespp;
		int ox   = -bytespp;
		for (int i=0; i<width; i++) {
			ox += bytespp;
			errx += w;
			while (errx>=(int)width) {
				errx -= width;
				nx += bytespp;
				memcpy(tdata+nscanline+nx, data+oscanline+ox, bytespp);
			}
		}
		erry += h;
		oscanline += olinebytes;
		while (erry>=(int)height) {
			if (erry>=(int)height<<1) // it means we jump over a scanline
				memcpy(tdata+nscanline+nlinebytes, tdata+nscanline, nlinebytes);
			erry -= height;
			nscanline += nlinebytes;
		}
	}
	delete [] data;
	data = tdata;
	width = w;
	height = h;
	return true;
}

main.cpp

#include "tgaimage.h"

const TGAColor white = TGAColor(255, 255, 255, 255);
const TGAColor red   = TGAColor(255, 0,   0,   255);

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
	TGAImage image(100, 100, TGAImage::RGB);
	image.set(52, 41, red);
	image.flip_vertically(); // i want to have the origin at the left bottom corner of the image
	image.write_tga_file("output.tga");
	return 0;
}

最后运行一遍，你将会得到一个output.tga，用PS打开它，它应该长下面这样：

 

这就是00节的内容了。