原项目链接:https://github.com/ssloy/tinyrenderer/wiki/Lesson-0:-getting-started
在这个系列的文章中,作者展示了 OpenGL 的工作方式。任务最终目标是不使用任何第三方库(尤其是图形库),得到如下的图:
注意:不会展示如何用 OpenGL 编写应用程序。而是展示 OpenGL 是如何工作的。我深信,如果不理解这一点,就不可能使用 3D 库编写高效的应用程序。
由于目标是最小化外部依赖,这个课程只允许使用TGA文件的课程。它是支持 RGB/RGBA/黑白格式图像的最简单格式之一。因此,作为起点,我们将获得一种处理图片的简单方法。您应该注意,一开始唯一可用的功能(除了加载和保存图像)是设置一个像素的颜色的能力。所以你首先需要一个能打开TGA文件的软件,如PS。
没有用于绘制线段和三角形的功能。我们将不得不手工完成所有这些。源代码在下方(你不需要自己写tgaimage文件):
tgaimage.h:
#ifndef __IMAGE_H__
#define __IMAGE_H__
#include <fstream>
#pragma pack(push,1)
struct TGA_Header {
char idlength;
char colormaptype;
char datatypecode;
short colormaporigin;
short colormaplength;
char colormapdepth;
short x_origin;
short y_origin;
short width;
short height;
char bitsperpixel;
char imagedescriptor;
};
#pragma pack(pop)
struct TGAColor {
union {
struct {
unsigned char b, g, r, a;
};
unsigned char raw[4];
unsigned int val;
};
int bytespp;
TGAColor() : val(0), bytespp(1) {
}
TGAColor(unsigned char R, unsigned char G, unsigned char B, unsigned char A) : b(B), g(G), r(R), a(A), bytespp(4) {
}
TGAColor(int v, int bpp) : val(v), bytespp(bpp) {
}
TGAColor(const TGAColor &c) : val(c.val), bytespp(c.bytespp) {
}
TGAColor(const unsigned char *p, int bpp) : val(0), bytespp(bpp) {
for (int i=0; i<bpp; i++) {
raw[i] = p[i];
}
}
TGAColor & operator =(const TGAColor &c) {
if (this != &c) {
bytespp = c.bytespp;
val = c.val;
}
return *this;
}
};
class TGAImage {
protected:
unsigned char* data;
int width;
int height;
int bytespp;
bool load_rle_data(std::ifstream &in);
bool unload_rle_data(std::ofstream &out);
public:
enum Format {
GRAYSCALE=1, RGB=3, RGBA=4
};
TGAImage();
TGAImage(int w, int h, int bpp);
TGAImage(const TGAImage &img);
bool read_tga_file(const char *filename);
bool write_tga_file(const char *filename, bool rle=true);
bool flip_horizontally();
bool flip_vertically();
bool scale(int w, int h);
TGAColor get(int x, int y);
bool set(int x, int y, TGAColor c);
~TGAImage();
TGAImage & operator =(const TGAImage &img);
int get_width();
int get_height();
int get_bytespp();
unsigned char *buffer();
void clear();
};
#endif //__IMAGE_H__
tgaimage.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "tgaimage.h"
TGAImage::TGAImage() : data(NULL), width(0), height(0), bytespp(0) {
}
TGAImage::TGAImage(int w, int h, int bpp) : data(NULL), width(w), height(h), bytespp(bpp) {
unsigned long nbytes = width*height*bytespp;
data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
memset(data, 0, nbytes);
}
TGAImage::TGAImage(const TGAImage &img) {
width = img.width;
height = img.height;
bytespp = img.bytespp;
unsigned long nbytes = width*height*bytespp;
data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
memcpy(data, img.data, nbytes);
}
TGAImage::~TGAImage() {
if (data) delete [] data;
}
TGAImage & TGAImage::operator =(const TGAImage &img) {
if (this != &img) {
if (data) delete [] data;
width = img.width;
height = img.height;
bytespp = img.bytespp;
unsigned long nbytes = width*height*bytespp;
data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
memcpy(data, img.data, nbytes);
}
return *this;
}
bool TGAImage::read_tga_file(const char *filename) {
if (data) delete [] data;
data = NULL;
std::ifstream in;
in.open (filename, std::ios::binary);
if (!in.is_open()) {
std::cerr << "can't open file " << filename << "\n";
in.close();
return false;
}
TGA_Header header;
in.read((char *)&header, sizeof(header));
if (!in.good()) {
in.close();
std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the header\n";
return false;
}
width = header.width;
height = header.height;
bytespp = header.bitsperpixel>>3;
if (width<=0 || height<=0 || (bytespp!=GRAYSCALE && bytespp!=RGB && bytespp!=RGBA)) {
in.close();
std::cerr << "bad bpp (or width/height) value\n";
return false;
}
unsigned long nbytes = bytespp*width*height;
data = new unsigned char[nbytes];
if (3==header.datatypecode || 2==header.datatypecode) {
in.read((char *)data, nbytes);
if (!in.good()) {
in.close();
std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the data\n";
return false;
}
} else if (10==header.datatypecode||11==header.datatypecode) {
if (!load_rle_data(in)) {
in.close();
std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the data\n";
return false;
}
} else {
in.close();
std::cerr << "unknown file format " << (int)header.datatypecode << "\n";
return false;
}
if (!(header.imagedescriptor & 0x20)) {
flip_vertically();
}
if (header.imagedescriptor & 0x10) {
flip_horizontally();
}
std::cerr << width << "x" << height << "/" << bytespp*8 << "\n";
in.close();
return true;
}
bool TGAImage::load_rle_data(std::ifstream &in) {
unsigned long pixelcount = width*height;
unsigned long currentpixel = 0;
unsigned long currentbyte = 0;
TGAColor colorbuffer;
do {
unsigned char chunkheader = 0;
chunkheader = in.get();
if (!in.good()) {
std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the data\n";
return false;
}
if (chunkheader<128) {
chunkheader++;
for (int i=0; i<chunkheader; i++) {
in.read((char *)colorbuffer.raw, bytespp);
if (!in.good()) {
std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the header\n";
return false;
}
for (int t=0; t<bytespp; t++)
data[currentbyte++] = colorbuffer.raw[t];
currentpixel++;
if (currentpixel>pixelcount) {
std::cerr << "Too many pixels read\n";
return false;
}
}
} else {
chunkheader -= 127;
in.read((char *)colorbuffer.raw, bytespp);
if (!in.good()) {
std::cerr << "an error occured while reading the header\n";
return false;
}
for (int i=0; i<chunkheader; i++) {
for (int t=0; t<bytespp; t++)
data[currentbyte++] = colorbuffer.raw[t];
currentpixel++;
if (currentpixel>pixelcount) {
std::cerr << "Too many pixels read\n";
return false;
}
}
}
} while (currentpixel < pixelcount);
return true;
}
bool TGAImage::write_tga_file(const char *filename, bool rle) {
unsigned char developer_area_ref[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
unsigned char extension_area_ref[4] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
unsigned char footer[18] = {'T','R','U','E','V','I','S','I','O','N','-','X','F','I','L','E','.','\0'};
std::ofstream out;
out.open (filename, std::ios::binary);
if (!out.is_open()) {
std::cerr << "can't open file " << filename << "\n";
out.close();
return false;
}
TGA_Header header;
memset((void *)&header, 0, sizeof(header));
header.bitsperpixel = bytespp<<3;
header.width = width;
header.height = height;
header.datatypecode = (bytespp==GRAYSCALE?(rle?11:3):(rle?10:2));
header.imagedescriptor = 0x20; // top-left origin
out.write((char *)&header, sizeof(header));
if (!out.good()) {
out.close();
std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
return false;
}
if (!rle) {
out.write((char *)data, width*height*bytespp);
if (!out.good()) {
std::cerr << "can't unload raw data\n";
out.close();
return false;
}
} else {
if (!unload_rle_data(out)) {
out.close();
std::cerr << "can't unload rle data\n";
return false;
}
}
out.write((char *)developer_area_ref, sizeof(developer_area_ref));
if (!out.good()) {
std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
out.close();
return false;
}
out.write((char *)extension_area_ref, sizeof(extension_area_ref));
if (!out.good()) {
std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
out.close();
return false;
}
out.write((char *)footer, sizeof(footer));
if (!out.good()) {
std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
out.close();
return false;
}
out.close();
return true;
}
// TODO: it is not necessary to break a raw chunk for two equal pixels (for the matter of the resulting size)
bool TGAImage::unload_rle_data(std::ofstream &out) {
const unsigned char max_chunk_length = 128;
unsigned long npixels = width*height;
unsigned long curpix = 0;
while (curpix<npixels) {
unsigned long chunkstart = curpix*bytespp;
unsigned long curbyte = curpix*bytespp;
unsigned char run_length = 1;
bool raw = true;
while (curpix+run_length<npixels && run_length<max_chunk_length) {
bool succ_eq = true;
for (int t=0; succ_eq && t<bytespp; t++) {
succ_eq = (data[curbyte+t]==data[curbyte+t+bytespp]);
}
curbyte += bytespp;
if (1==run_length) {
raw = !succ_eq;
}
if (raw && succ_eq) {
run_length--;
break;
}
if (!raw && !succ_eq) {
break;
}
run_length++;
}
curpix += run_length;
out.put(raw?run_length-1:run_length+127);
if (!out.good()) {
std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
return false;
}
out.write((char *)(data+chunkstart), (raw?run_length*bytespp:bytespp));
if (!out.good()) {
std::cerr << "can't dump the tga file\n";
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
TGAColor TGAImage::get(int x, int y) {
if (!data || x<0 || y<0 || x>=width || y>=height) {
return TGAColor();
}
return TGAColor(data+(x+y*width)*bytespp, bytespp);
}
bool TGAImage::set(int x, int y, TGAColor c) {
if (!data || x<0 || y<0 || x>=width || y>=height) {
return false;
}
memcpy(data+(x+y*width)*bytespp, c.raw, bytespp);
return true;
}
int TGAImage::get_bytespp() {
return bytespp;
}
int TGAImage::get_width() {
return width;
}
int TGAImage::get_height() {
return height;
}
bool TGAImage::flip_horizontally() {
if (!data) return false;
int half = width>>1;
for (int i=0; i<half; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<height; j++) {
TGAColor c1 = get(i, j);
TGAColor c2 = get(width-1-i, j);
set(i, j, c2);
set(width-1-i, j, c1);
}
}
return true;
}
bool TGAImage::flip_vertically() {
if (!data) return false;
unsigned long bytes_per_line = width*bytespp;
unsigned char *line = new unsigned char[bytes_per_line];
int half = height>>1;
for (int j=0; j<half; j++) {
unsigned long l1 = j*bytes_per_line;
unsigned long l2 = (height-1-j)*bytes_per_line;
memmove((void *)line, (void *)(data+l1), bytes_per_line);
memmove((void *)(data+l1), (void *)(data+l2), bytes_per_line);
memmove((void *)(data+l2), (void *)line, bytes_per_line);
}
delete [] line;
return true;
}
unsigned char *TGAImage::buffer() {
return data;
}
void TGAImage::clear() {
memset((void *)data, 0, width*height*bytespp);
}
bool TGAImage::scale(int w, int h) {
if (w<=0 || h<=0 || !data) return false;
unsigned char *tdata = new unsigned char[w*h*bytespp];
int nscanline = 0;
int oscanline = 0;
int erry = 0;
unsigned long nlinebytes = w*bytespp;
unsigned long olinebytes = width*bytespp;
for (int j=0; j<height; j++) {
int errx = width-w;
int nx = -bytespp;
int ox = -bytespp;
for (int i=0; i<width; i++) {
ox += bytespp;
errx += w;
while (errx>=(int)width) {
errx -= width;
nx += bytespp;
memcpy(tdata+nscanline+nx, data+oscanline+ox, bytespp);
}
}
erry += h;
oscanline += olinebytes;
while (erry>=(int)height) {
if (erry>=(int)height<<1) // it means we jump over a scanline
memcpy(tdata+nscanline+nlinebytes, tdata+nscanline, nlinebytes);
erry -= height;
nscanline += nlinebytes;
}
}
delete [] data;
data = tdata;
width = w;
height = h;
return true;
}
main.cpp
#include "tgaimage.h"
const TGAColor white = TGAColor(255, 255, 255, 255);
const TGAColor red = TGAColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
TGAImage image(100, 100, TGAImage::RGB);
image.set(52, 41, red);
image.flip_vertically(); // i want to have the origin at the left bottom corner of the image
image.write_tga_file("output.tga");
return 0;
}
最后运行一遍,你将会得到一个output.tga,用PS打开它,它应该长下面这样:
这就是00节的内容了。