错误和异常

描述

bug分为错误（error）和异常（exception）

python提倡继承Exception或其子类派生新的异常
异常层次结构如下：

BaseException
 +-- SystemExit
 +-- KeyboardInterrupt
 +-- GeneratorExit
 +-- Exception
      +-- StopIteration
      +-- StopAsyncIteration
      +-- ArithmeticError
      |    +-- FloatingPointError
      |    +-- OverflowError
      |    +-- ZeroDivisionError
      +-- AssertionError
      +-- AttributeError
      +-- BufferError
      +-- EOFError
      +-- ImportError
      |    +-- ModuleNotFoundError
      +-- LookupError
      |    +-- IndexError
      |    +-- KeyError
      +-- MemoryError
      +-- NameError
      |    +-- UnboundLocalError
      +-- OSError
      |    +-- BlockingIOError
      |    +-- ChildProcessError
      |    +-- ConnectionError
      |    |    +-- BrokenPipeError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionAbortedError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionRefusedError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionResetError
      |    +-- FileExistsError
      |    +-- FileNotFoundError
      |    +-- InterruptedError
      |    +-- IsADirectoryError
      |    +-- NotADirectoryError
      |    +-- PermissionError
      |    +-- ProcessLookupError
      |    +-- TimeoutError
      +-- ReferenceError
      +-- RuntimeError
      |    +-- NotImplementedError
      |    +-- RecursionError
      +-- SyntaxError
      |    +-- IndentationError
      |         +-- TabError
      +-- SystemError
      +-- TypeError
      +-- ValueError
      |    +-- UnicodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeDecodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeEncodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeTranslateError
      +-- Warning
           +-- DeprecationWarning
           +-- PendingDeprecationWarning
           +-- RuntimeWarning
           +-- SyntaxWarning
           +-- UserWarning
           +-- FutureWarning
           +-- ImportWarning
           +-- UnicodeWarning
           +-- BytesWarning
           +-- ResourceWarning

通过上面的异常层次结构，我们可以清晰的看出，BaseException为所有异常的基类，其下面分为：SystemExit、KeyboardInterrupt、GeneratorExit、Exception 四类异常，Exception 为所有非系统退出类异常的基类，Python 提倡继承 Exception 或其子类派生新的异常；Exception 下包含我们常见的多种异常如：MemoryError（内存溢出）、BlockingIOError（IO异常）、SyntaxError（语法错误异常）… 详细说明可以查看下面列表：

异常处理

使用try/except语句
完整try语句：try，except，…，else，finally

抛出异常

使用raise语句，而且它的唯一参数标识必须是一个异常实例或异常类。

自定义异常类

# 声明
class MyExc(Exception):
    def __init__(self,value):
        self.value=value

    def __str__(self):
        return '被除数不能为0'

# 使用
def getNum(n):
    try:
        if n==0:
            exc=MyExc(n)
            print(exc)
        else:
            print(10/n)
    except:
        pass

if __name__ == '__main__':
    getNum(0)