Mysql笔记随笔

00.Mysql语句语法顺序

  1. select 查询字段1,查询字段2,聚合函数,distinct
  2. from 表名
  3. join on 表名
  4. where 条件
  5. group by 分组排列
  6. having 条件
  7. order by 排序(升序降序)
  8. limit 结果限定

按照以上书写顺序,完整的执行顺序应该是这样:

  1. from子句识别查询表的数据;
  2. join on/union用于连接多表数据;
  3. where子句基于指定的条件对记录进行筛选;
  4. group by 子句将数据划分成多个组别,如按性别男、女分组;
  5. 有聚合函数时,要使用聚集函数进行数据计算;
  6. Having子句筛选满足第二条件的数据;
  7. 执行select语句进行字段筛选
  8. 筛选重复数据;
  9. 对数据进行排序;
  10. 、执行limit进行结果限定。

如果还不能理解通过下面的例子就能一目了然:

select语句: 查询字段 from 表列表名/视图列表名 where 条件.

执行顺序:先from再where最后select

select语句: 查询字段 from 表列表名/视图列表名 where 条件 group by (列列表) having 条件

执行顺序:先from再where再group by 再having最后select

select语句: 查询字段 from 表列表名/视图列表名 where 条件 group by (列列表) having 条件 order by 列列表

执行顺序:先from再where再group by再having再select order by

select语句: 查询字段 from 表1 join 表2 on 表1.列1=表2.列1…join 表n on 表n.列1=表(n-1).列1 where 表1.条件 and 表2.条件…表n.

执行顺序:先from 再join再where 最后select

01.DDL数据库的操作

# 查看所有的数据库
SHOW DATABASES;

# 选择某一个数据库
USE bili;

# 查看当前正在使用的数据库
SELECT DATABASE();

# 创建一个新的数据库
-- CREATE DATABASE douyu;
-- CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS douyu;
-- CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS huya DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4
-- 				COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

# 删除数据库
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS douyu;

# 修改数据库的编码
ALTER DATABASE huya CHARACTER SET = utf8 
				COLLATE = utf8_unicode_ci;

02.DDL数据表的操作

# 查看所有的表
SHOW TABLES;

# 新建表
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `students` (
	`name` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
	`age` int,
	`score` int,
	`height` DECIMAL(10,2),
	`birthday` YEAR,
	`phoneNum` VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE
);

# 删除表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `moment`;

# 查看表的结构
DESC students;
# 查看创建表的SQL语句
SHOW CREATE TABLE `students`;
-- CREATE TABLE `students` (
--   `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
--   `age` int DEFAULT NULL,
--   `score` int DEFAULT NULL
-- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

# 完整的创建表的语法
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `users`(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
	age INT DEFAULT 0,
	phoneNum VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE DEFAULT '',
	createTime TIMESTAMP
);

# 修改表
# 1.修改表的名字
ALTER TABLE `users` RENAME TO `user`;
# 2.添加一个新的列
ALTER TABLE `user` ADD `updateTime` TIMESTAMP;
# 3.修改字段的名称
ALTER TABLE `user` CHANGE `phoneNum` `telPhone` VARCHAR(20);
# 4.修改字段的类型
ALTER TABLE `user` MODIFY `name` VARCHAR(30);
# 5.删除某一个字段
ALTER TABLE `user` DROP `age`;

# 补充
# 根据一个表结构去创建另外一张表
CREATE TABLE `user2` LIKE `user`;
# 根据另外一个表中的所有内容,创建一个新的表
CREATE TABLE `user3` (SELECT * FROM `user`); 

03.DML数据库的增删改

# DML
# 插入数据
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (110, 'why', '020-110110', '2020-10-20', '2020-11-11');
INSERT INTO `user` (name, telPhone, createTime, updateTime)
						VALUES ('kobe', '000-1111111', '2020-10-10', '2030-10-20');
						
INSERT INTO `user` (name, telPhone)
						VALUES ('lilei', '000-1111112');

# 需求:createTime和updateTime可以自动设置值
ALTER TABLE `user` MODIFY `createTime` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
ALTER TABLE `user` MODIFY `updateTime` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP					
																			 ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;

INSERT INTO `user` (name, telPhone)
						VALUES ('hmm', '000-1111212');

INSERT INTO `user` (name, telPhone)
						VALUES ('lucy', '000-1121212');


# 删除数据
# 删除所有的数据
DELETE FROM `user`;
# 删除符合条件的数据
DELETE FROM `user` WHERE id = 110;

# 更新数据
# 更新所有的数据
UPDATE `user` SET name = 'lily', telPhone = '010-110110';
# 更新符合条件的数据
UPDATE `user` SET name = 'lily', telPhone = '010-110110' WHERE id = 115;

04.DQL数据的查询语句

# 创建products的表
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `products` (
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	brand VARCHAR(20),
	title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
	price DOUBLE NOT NULL,
	score DECIMAL(2,1),
	voteCnt INT,
	url VARCHAR(100),
	pid INT
);

# 1.基本查询
# 查询表中所有的字段以及所有的数据
SELECT * FROM `products`;
# 查询指定的字段
SELECT title, price FROM `products`;
# 对字段结果起一个别名
SELECT title as phoneTitle, price as currentPrice FROM `products`;


# 2.where条件
# 2.1. 条件判断语句
# 案例:查询价格小于1000的手机
SELECT title, price FROM `products` WHERE price < 1000;
# 案例二:价格等于999的手机
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price = 999;
# 案例三:价格不等于999的手机
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price != 999;
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price <> 999;
# 案例四:查询品牌是华为的手机
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE brand = '华为';

# 2.2. 逻辑运算语句
# 案例一:查询1000到2000之间的手机
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price > 1000 AND price < 2000;
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price > 1000 && price < 2000;
# BETWEEN AND 包含等于
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price BETWEEN 1099 AND 2000;

# 案例二:价格在5000以上或者是品牌是华为的手机
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE price > 5000 || brand = '华为';

# 将某些值设置为NULL
-- UPDATE `products` SET url = NULL WHERE id >= 85 and id <= 88;
# 查询某一个值为NULL
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE url IS NULL;
-- SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE url = NULL;
-- SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE url IS NOT NULL;

# 2.3.模糊查询
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE title LIKE '%M%';
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE title LIKE '%P%';
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE title LIKE '_P%';


# 3.对结果进行排序
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE brand = '华为' || brand = '小米' || brand = '苹果';
SELECT * FROM `products` WHERE brand IN ('华为', '小米', '苹果') 
												 ORDER BY price ASC, score DESC;


# 4.分页查询
# LIMIT limit OFFSET offset;
# Limit offset, limit;
SELECT * FROM `products` LIMIT 20 OFFSET 0;
SELECT * FROM `products` LIMIT 20 OFFSET 20;
SELECT * FROM `products` LIMIT 40, 20;

05.DQL聚合函数GroupBy

​ GROUP BY 是用来做一些分组,综合查询这样子的

# 1.聚合函数的使用
# 求所有手机的价格的总和
SELECT SUM(price) totalPrice FROM `products`;
# 求一下华为手机的价格的总和
SELECT SUM(price) FROM `products` WHERE brand = '华为';
# 求华为手机的平均价格
SELECT AVG(price) FROM `products` WHERE brand = '华为';
# 最高手机的价格和最低手机的价格
SELECT MAX(price) FROM `products`;
SELECT MIN(price) FROM `products`;

# 求华为手机的个数
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `products` WHERE brand = '华为';
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `products` WHERE brand = '苹果';
SELECT COUNT(url) FROM `products` WHERE brand = '苹果';

SELECT COUNT(price) FROM `products`;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT price) FROM `products`; #去除重复

# 2.GROUP BY的使用
SELECT brand, AVG(price), COUNT(*), AVG(score) FROM `products` GROUP BY brand;

# 3.HAVING的使用
SELECT brand, AVG(price) avgPrice, COUNT(*), AVG(score) FROM `products` GROUP BY brand HAVING avgPrice > 2000;


# 4.需求:求评分score > 7.5的手机的,平均价格是多少?
# 升级:平均分大于7.5的手机,按照品牌进行分类,求出平均价格。
SELECT brand, AVG(price) FROM `products` WHERE score > 7.5 GROUP BY brand;

HAVING 和 WHERE的区别?

HAVING 和 WHERE的区别?

HAVING是分组后(或涉及聚合函数的)的查询条件,只能配合GROUP BY后的表使用

WHERE 是查询到对应的结果后再对筛选

#聚集函数的条件判断顺序
group by .......  having
分组

分组可以用多个

group by 字段1,字段2

06.多表设计

外键

  • 外键的级联值

# 1.创建brand的表和插入数据
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `brand`(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
	website VARCHAR(100),
	phoneRank INT
);

INSERT INTO `brand` (name, website, phoneRank) VALUES ('华为', 'www.huawei.com', 2);
INSERT INTO `brand` (name, website, phoneRank) VALUES ('苹果', 'www.apple.com', 10);
INSERT INTO `brand` (name, website, phoneRank) VALUES ('小米', 'www.mi.com', 5);
INSERT INTO `brand` (name, website, phoneRank) VALUES ('oppo', 'www.oppo.com', 12);

INSERT INTO `brand` (name, website, phoneRank) VALUES ('京东', 'www.jd.com', 8);
INSERT INTO `brand` (name, website, phoneRank) VALUES ('Google', 'www.google.com', 9);


# 2.给brand_id设置引用brand中的id的外键约束
# 添加一个brand_id字段
ALTER TABLE `products` ADD `brand_id` INT;
-- ALTER TABLE `products` DROP `brand_id`;

# 修改brand_id为外键
ALTER TABLE `products` ADD FOREIGN KEY(brand_id) REFERENCES brand(id);

# 设置brand_id的值
UPDATE `products` SET `brand_id` = 1 WHERE `brand` = '华为';
UPDATE `products` SET `brand_id` = 2 WHERE `brand` = '苹果';
UPDATE `products` SET `brand_id` = 3 WHERE `brand` = '小米';
UPDATE `products` SET `brand_id` = 4 WHERE `brand` = 'oppo';

# 3.修改和删除外键引用的id
UPDATE `brand` SET `id` = 100 WHERE `id` = 1;


# 4.修改brand_id关联外键时的action
# 4.1.获取到目前的外键的名称
SHOW CREATE TABLE `products`;


-- CREATE TABLE `products` (
--   `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
--   `brand` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
--   `title` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
--   `price` double NOT NULL,
--   `score` decimal(2,1) DEFAULT NULL,
--   `voteCnt` int DEFAULT NULL,
--   `url` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
--   `pid` int DEFAULT NULL,
--   `brand_id` int DEFAULT NULL,
--   PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
--   KEY `brand_id` (`brand_id`),
--   CONSTRAINT `products_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`brand_id`) REFERENCES `brand` (`id`)
-- ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=109 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci

# 4.2.根据名称将外键删除掉
ALTER TABLE `products` DROP FOREIGN KEY products_ibfk_1;

# 4.2.重新添加外键约束
ALTER TABLE `products` ADD FOREIGN KEY (brand_id) REFERENCES brand(id)
																									ON UPDATE CASCADE
																									ON DELETE RESTRICT;


UPDATE `brand` SET `id` = 100 WHERE `id` = 1;

查询-联合查询

  • 第一张表的108条 * 第二张表的6条数据;
  • 也就是说第一张表中每一个条数据,都会和第二张表中的每一条数据结合一次;
  • 这个结果我们称之为 笛卡尔乘积,也称之为直积,表示为 X*Y;

# 1.获取到的是笛卡尔乘积
SELECT * FROM `products`, `brand`;
# 获取到的是笛卡尔乘积进行筛选
SELECT * FROM `products`, `brand` WHERE products.brand_id = brand.id;

# 2.左连接
# 2.1. 查询所有的手机(包括没有品牌信息的手机)以及对应的品牌 null
SELECT * FROM `products` LEFT OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id;

# 2.2. 查询没有对应品牌数据的手机
SELECT * FROM `products` LEFT JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id WHERE brand.id IS NULL;
-- SELECT * FROM `products` LEFT JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id WHERE brand_id IS NULL;


# 3.右连接
# 3.1. 查询所有的品牌(没有对应的手机数据,品牌也显示)以及对应的手机数据;
SELECT * FROM `products` RIGHT OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id;

# 3.2. 查询没有对应手机的品牌信息
SELECT * FROM `products` RIGHT JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id WHERE products.brand_id IS NULL;


# 4.内连接
SELECT * FROM `products` JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id;
SELECT * FROM `products` JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id WHERE price = 8699;

# 5.全连接
# mysql是不支持FULL OUTER JOIN
SELECT * FROM `products` FULL OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id;


(SELECT * FROM `products` LEFT OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id)
UNION
(SELECT * FROM `products` RIGHT OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id)

(SELECT * FROM `products` LEFT OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id WHERE brand.id IS NULL)
UNION
(SELECT * FROM `products` RIGHT OUTER JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id WHERE products.brand_id IS NULL)

多对多关系

  • 一对一
  • 多对一
  • 多对多(常见) 解决方案中间 创建一个 关系表
# 1.基本数据的模拟
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
	age INT
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS courses(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
	price DOUBLE
);

INSERT INTO `students` (name, age) VALUES('why', 18);
INSERT INTO `students` (name, age) VALUES('tom', 22);
INSERT INTO `students` (name, age) VALUES('lilei', 25);
INSERT INTO `students` (name, age) VALUES('lucy', 16);
INSERT INTO `students` (name, age) VALUES('lily', 20);

INSERT INTO `courses` (name, price) VALUES ('英语', 100);
INSERT INTO `courses` (name, price) VALUES ('语文', 666);
INSERT INTO `courses` (name, price) VALUES ('数学', 888);
INSERT INTO `courses` (name, price) VALUES ('历史', 80);
INSERT INTO `courses` (name, price) VALUES ('物理', 888);
INSERT INTO `courses` (name, price) VALUES ('地理', 333);


# 2.建立关系表
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `students_select_courses`(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	student_id INT NOT NULL,
	course_id INT NOT NULL,
	FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES students(id) ON UPDATE CASCADE,
	FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(id) ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

# 3.学生选课
# why选择了英文、数学、历史
INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (1, 1);
INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (1, 3);
INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (1, 4);


INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (3, 2);
INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (3, 4);


INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (5, 2);
INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (5, 3);
INSERT INTO `students_select_courses` (student_id, course_id) VALUES (5, 4);


# 4.查询的需求
# 4.1. 查询所有有选课的学生,选择了哪些课程
SELECT stu.id id, stu.name stuName, stu.age stuAge, cs.id csId, cs.name csName, cs.price csPrice
FROM `students` stu
JOIN `students_select_courses` ssc ON stu.id = ssc.student_id
JOIN `courses` cs ON ssc.course_id = cs.id;


# 4.2. 查询所有的学生的选课情况
SELECT stu.id id, stu.name stuName, stu.age stuAge, cs.id csId, cs.name csName, cs.price csPrice
FROM `students` stu
LEFT JOIN `students_select_courses` ssc ON stu.id = ssc.student_id;

# 4.3. 哪些学生是没有选课
SELECT stu.id id, stu.name stuName, stu.age stuAge, cs.id csId, cs.name csName, cs.price csPrice
FROM `students` stu
LEFT JOIN `students_select_courses` ssc ON stu.id = ssc.student_id
LEFT JOIN `courses` cs ON ssc.course_id = cs.id
WHERE cs.id IS NULL;

# 4.4. 查询哪些课程是没有被选择的
SELECT stu.id id, stu.name stuName, stu.age stuAge, cs.id csId, cs.name csName, cs.price csPrice
FROM `students` stu
RIGHT JOIN `students_select_courses` ssc ON stu.id = ssc.student_id
RIGHT JOIN `courses` cs ON ssc.course_id = cs.id
WHERE stu.id IS NULL;;

# 4.5. 某一个学生选了哪些课程(why)
SELECT stu.id id, stu.name stuName, stu.age stuAge, cs.id csId, cs.name csName, cs.price csPrice
FROM `students` stu
LEFT JOIN `students_select_courses` ssc ON stu.id = ssc.student_id
LEFT JOIN `courses` cs ON ssc.course_id = cs.id
WHERE stu.id = 2;

对象和数组类型

​ 使用JSON_ARRAYAGG的时候要做分组,不然查询的数据会有异常

# 将联合查询到的数据转成对象(一对多)
SELECT 
	products.id id, products.title title, products.price price,
	JSON_OBJECT('id', brand.id, 'name', brand.name, 'website', brand.website) brand
FROM `products`
LEFT JOIN `brand` ON products.brand_id = brand.id;

# 将查询到的多条数据,组织成对象,放入到一个数组中(多对多)
SELECT 
	stu.id, stu.name, stu.age,
	JSON_ARRAYAGG(JSON_OBJECT('id', cs.id, 'name', cs.name, 'price', cs.price))
FROM `students` stu
JOIN `students_select_courses` ssc ON stu.id = ssc.student_id
JOIN `courses` cs ON ssc.course_id = cs.id
GROUP BY stu.id;

SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > 6000;

07.集合操作

1.	并 
1.	交集
1.	差操作
  • 20
    点赞
  • 16
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 1
    评论
评论 1
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值