本节学习一下基本的sql语句,然后通过一个题目来熟悉下。
目录
对数据库的操作
数据库表的操作
更改表的结构
字段属性设置:
对数据的操作 增删改查
增
删
改
查 (重点)
-- 分组查询(group by)
-- 需求:查询男女分别有多少人
多表查询:
构建
学生表、班级表、课程表、班级课程表
-- 班级表
CREATE TABLE banji(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO banji(`name`) VALUES('java1807'),('java1812');
SELECT * FROM banji;
-- 学生表 reference:参考,引用
CREATE TABLE student(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
age INT,
gender CHAR(1),
banji_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY(banji_id) REFERENCES banji(id)
);
INSERT INTO student(`name`,age,gender,banji_id)
VALUES('张三',20,'男',1),('李四',21,'男',2),('王五',20,'女',1);
-- Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`java1812`.`student`, CONSTRAINT `student_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`banji_id`) REFERENCES `banji` (`id`))
INSERT INTO student(`name`,age,gender,banji_id)
VALUES('张三',20,'男',3);
SELECT * FROM student;
-- 课程表
CREATE TABLE course(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
credit INT COMMENT '学分'
);
INSERT INTO course(`name`,credit) VALUES('Java',5),('UI',4),('H5',4);
SELECT * FROM course;
-- 班级课程表
CREATE TABLE banji_course(
-- id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
banji_id INT,
course_id INT,
PRIMARY KEY(banji_id,course_id), -- 联合主键
FOREIGN KEY(banji_id) REFERENCES banji(id), -- banji_id既是联合主键又是外键
FOREIGN KEY(course_id) REFERENCES course(id) -- course_id既是联合主键又是外键
);
INSERT INTO banji_course(banji_id,course_id) VALUES(1,1),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3);
SELECT * FROM banji_course;
关联查询:inner join
-- 列出所有学生学习的课程名称
-- 学生姓名 班级名称 课程名称 学分
注:
-- inner join on 只有左右两个表有关联的才查询出来
-- left join on 左表中都显示出来,右表没有显示空
-- right join on 右表都显示,左表没有显示空
总结:多表查询主要是注意下面两点
1、整个查询涉及到几张表,涉及到几张表就连接这几张表。
2、如果涉及到这几张表的关系搞不清楚,画一下ER图,弄清楚表和表之间的关系(就是根据外键建立的关系)
把inner join之后查询的结果当成一张表来使用
模糊查找:like
练习
练习
首先直接运行以下代码构建表
create table goods (
goods_id mediumint(8) unsigned primary key auto_increment,
goods_name varchar(120) not null default '',
cat_id smallint(5) unsigned not null default '0',
brand_id smallint(5) unsigned not null default '0',
goods_sn char(15) not null default '',
goods_number smallint(5) unsigned not null default '0',
shop_price decimal(10,2) unsigned not null default '0.00',
market_price decimal(10,2) unsigned not null default '0.00',
click_count int(10) unsigned not null default '0'
) ;
insert into `goods` values (1,'kd876',4,8,'ecs000000',1,1388.00,1665.60,9),
(4,'诺基亚n85原装充电器',8,1,'ecs000004',17,58.00,69.60,0),
(3,'诺基亚原装5800耳机',8,1,'ecs000002',24,68.00,81.60,3),
(5,'索爱原装m2卡读卡器',11,7,'ecs000005',8,20.00,24.00,3),
(6,'胜创kingmax内存卡',11,0,'ecs000006',15,42.00,50.40,0),
(7,'诺基亚n85原装立体声耳机hs-82',8,1,'ecs000007',20,100.00,120.00,0),
(8,'飞利浦9@9v',3,4,'ecs000008',1,399.00,478.79,10),
(9,'诺基亚e66',3,1,'ecs000009',4,2298.00,2757.60,20),
(10,'索爱c702c',3,7,'ecs000010',7,1328.00,1593.60,11),
(11,'索爱c702c',3,7,'ecs000011',1,1300.00,0.00,0),
(12,'摩托罗拉a810',3,2,'ecs000012',8,983.00,1179.60,13),
(13,'诺基亚5320 xpressmusic',3,1,'ecs000013',8,1311.00,1573.20,13),
(14,'诺基亚5800xm',4,1,'ecs000014',1,2625.00,3150.00,6),
(15,'摩托罗拉a810',3,2,'ecs000015',3,788.00,945.60,8),
(16,'恒基伟业g101',2,11,'ecs000016',0,823.33,988.00,3),
(17,'夏新n7',3,5,'ecs000017',1,2300.00,2760.00,2),
(18,'夏新t5',4,5,'ecs000018',1,2878.00,3453.60,0),
(19,'三星sgh-f258',3,6,'ecs000019',12,858.00,1029.60,7),
(20,'三星bc01',3,6,'ecs000020',12,280.00,336.00,14),
(21,'金立 a30',3,10,'ecs000021',40,2000.00,2400.00,4),
(22,'多普达touch hd',3,3,'ecs000022',1,5999.00,7198.80,16),
(23,'诺基亚n96',5,1,'ecs000023',8,3700.00,4440.00,17),
(24,'p806',3,9,'ecs000024',100,2000.00,2400.00,35),
(25,'小灵通/固话50元充值卡',13,0,'ecs000025',2,48.00,57.59,0),
(26,'小灵通/固话20元充值卡',13,0,'ecs000026',2,19.00,22.80,0),
(27,'联通100元充值卡',15,0,'ecs000027',2,95.00,100.00,0),
(28,'联通50元充值卡',15,0,'ecs000028',0,45.00,50.00,0),
(29,'移动100元充值卡',14,0,'ecs000029',0,90.00,0.00,0),
(30,'移动20元充值卡',14,0,'ecs000030',9,18.00,21.00,1),
(31,'摩托罗拉e8 ',3,2,'ecs000031',1,1337.00,1604.39,5),
(32,'诺基亚n85',3,1,'ecs000032',4,3010.00,3612.00,9);
-- 分类表
create table category (
cat_id smallint unsigned auto_increment primary key,
cat_name varchar(90) not null default '',
parent_id smallint unsigned
);
INSERT INTO `category` VALUES
(1,'手机类型',0),
(2,'CDMA手机',1),
(3,'GSM手机',1),
(4,'3G手机',1),
(5,'双模手机',1),
(6,'手机配件',0),
(7,'充电器',6),
(8,'耳机',6),
(9,'电池',6),
(11,'读卡器和内存卡',6),
(12,'充值卡',0),
(13,'小灵通/固话充值卡',12),
(14,'移动手机充值卡',12),
(15,'联通手机充值卡',12);
- 1:主键为32的商品
-- 2:不属第3栏目的所有商品(category中id为3)
-- 3:本店价格高于3000元的商品
-- 4:本店价格低于或等于100元的商品
-- 5:取出第4栏目或第11栏目的商品
-- 6:取出100<=价格<=500的商品
-- BETWEEN AND是能取到开始和结束的值,等价于>= and <=
-- 7:取出不属于第3栏目且不属于第11栏目的商品(and,或not in分别实现)
-- 8:取出价格大于100且小于300,或者大于4000且小于5000的商品()
-- 这种写法很容易出歧义,要加括号,写出有歧义的语句并不能显出你多厉害
-- 9:取出第3个栏目下面价格<1000或>3000,并且点击量>5的系列商品
-- 10:取出第1个栏目下面的商品(注意:1栏目下面没商品,但其子栏目下有)
-- 11:取出名字以"诺基亚"开头的商品
-- like 模糊匹配
-- % 通配任意字符
-- _ 通配单一字符
-- 15:把goods表中商品名为'诺基亚xxxx'的商品,改为'HTCxxxx',
答案:
-- 1:主键为32的商品
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE goods_id=32;
-- 2:不属第3栏目的所有商品(category中id为3)
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE cat_id!=3;
-- 3:本店价格高于3000元的商品
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE market_price>3000;
-- 4:本店价格低于或等于100元的商品
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE market_price<=100;
-- 5:取出第4栏目或第11栏目的商品
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE cat_id=4 OR cat_id=11;
-- 6:取出100<=价格<=500的商品
-- BETWEEN AND是能取到开始和结束的值,等价于>= and <=
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE market_price>=100 AND market_price<=500;
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE market_price BETWEEN 100 AND 500;
-- 7:取出不属于第3栏目且不属于第11栏目的商品(and,或not in分别实现)
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE cat_id !=3 AND cat_id!=11;
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE cat_id NOT IN(SELECT cat_id FROM goods WHERE cat_id=3 OR cat_id=11);
-- 8:取出价格大于100且小于300,或者大于4000且小于5000的商品()
-- 这种写法很容易出歧义,要加括号,写出有歧义的语句并不能显出你多厉害
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE (market_price BETWEEN 100 AND 300) OR (market_price BETWEEN 4000 AND 5000);
-- 9:取出第3个栏目下面价格<1000或>3000,并且点击量>5的系列商品
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE (market_price<1000 OR market_price>3000) AND cat_id=3 AND click_count>5;
-- 10:取出第1个栏目下面的商品(注意:1栏目下面没商品,但其子栏目下有)
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE cat_id IN(SELECT cat_id FROM category WHERE parent_id=1);
-- 11:取出名字以"诺基亚"开头的商品
-- like 模糊匹配
-- % 通配任意字符
-- _ 通配单一字符
SELECT * FROM goods WHERE goods_name LIKE'诺基亚%';
-- 15:把goods表中商品名为'诺基亚xxxx'的商品,改为'HTCxxxx',
SELECT goods_id,SUBSTR(goods_name, 4) FROM goods
WHERE goods_name LIKE '诺基亚%';
SELECT goods_id,CONCAT('HTC',SUBSTRING(goods_name,4)) FROM goods
WHERE goods_name LIKE '诺基亚%';
-- 3、查询该店每个栏目下挤压的货款
SELECT cat_id,SUM(goods_number*shop_price)
FROM goods GROUP BY cat_id ;
-- 4、查询该店每个栏目下挤压的货款 > 20000
SELECT cat_id,SUM(goods_number*shop_price) AS total_price
FROM goods GROUP BY cat_id HAVING total_price>20000;
-- order by 与 limit:
-- LIMIT 子句可以被用于强制 SELECT 语句返回指定的记录数。
-- LIMIT 接受一个或两个数字参数。参数必须是一个整数常量。
-- 如果给定两个参数,第一个参数指定第一个返回记录行的偏移量,第二个参数指定返回记录行的最大数目。
-- 初始记录行的偏移量是 0(而不是 1)
-- 1、按照栏目由低到高排序,栏目内部按照价格由高到低排序
SELECT goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price
FROM goods
ORDER BY cat_id ASC,shop_price DESC;
-- 2、取出价格最高的前三名商品
-- limit offset,rowcount
-- limit 偏移到哪个位置,往下数几个
SELECT goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,shop_price
FROM goods
ORDER BY shop_price DESC LIMIT 0,3; -- limit 3
-- 3、取出点击量第三名到第五名的商品
SELECT goods_id,cat_id,goods_name,click_count
FROM goods
ORDER BY click_count DESC LIMIT 2,3;