- 在C++中,多线程和异步编程是优化程序性能的重要手段。以下是一些常见的优化例子,展示了如何使用多线程和异步编程来提高性能。
- 使用std::async进行异步计算
std::async 是一个便捷的方式,可以让某个函数在后台线程中执行,而主线程可以继续执行其他任务。
#include <iostream>
#include <future>
#include <chrono>
int compute(int x) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
return x * x;
}
int main() {
std::future<int> result = std::async(std::launch::async, compute, 10);
std::cout << "Doing other work..." << std::endl;
int value = result.get();
std::cout << "Result: " << value << std::endl;
return 0;
}
- 使用std::thread进行并行任务处理
在处理多个任务时,可以使用std::thread来实现并行化,从而提高程序的吞吐量。
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
void task(int id) {
std::cout << "Task " << id << " started" << std::endl;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
std::cout << "Task " << id << " finished" << std::endl;
}
int main() {
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
threads.emplace_back(task, i);
}
for (auto& th : threads) {
th.join();
}
return 0;
}
- 使用std::future和std::promise进行线程间通信
std::future和std::promise可以让线程之间通过传递数据来进行通信,这对于协调线程间的任务非常有用。
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
void worker(std::promise<int>&& prom) {
int value = prom.get_future().get();
std::cout << "Received value: " << value << std::endl;
}
int main() {
std::promise<int> prom;
std::thread t(worker, std::move(prom));
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
prom.set_value(42);
t.join();
return 0;
}
- 使用std::mutex保护共享资源
在多线程环境中访问共享资源时,需要使用互斥锁(std::mutex)来避免数据竞争。
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
std::mutex mtx;
int shared_data = 0;
void increment(int id) {
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
++shared_data;
}
std::cout << "Thread " << id << " finished." << std::endl;
}
int main() {
std::thread t1(increment, 1);
std::thread t2(increment, 2);
t1.join();
t2.join();
std::cout << "Final shared data: " << shared_data << std::endl;
return 0;
}
- 使用线程池提高任务管理效率
线程池是一种优化策略,可以避免频繁创建和销毁线程的开销,适合处理大量短时间任务的场景。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <thread>
#include <queue>
#include <functional>
#include <future>
#include <mutex>
#include <condition_variable>
class ThreadPool {
public:
ThreadPool(size_t numThreads);
~ThreadPool();
template <class F, class... Args>
auto enqueue(F&& f, Args&&... args) -> std::future<typename std::result_of<F(Args...)>::type>;
private:
std::vector<std::thread> workers;
std::queue<std::function<void()>> tasks;
std::mutex queueMutex;
std::condition_variable condition;
bool stop;
};
ThreadPool::ThreadPool(size_t numThreads) : stop(false) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < numThreads; ++i) {
workers.emplace_back([this] {
for (;;) {
std::function<void()> task;
{
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(this->queueMutex);
this->condition.wait(lock, [this] { return this->stop || !this->tasks.empty(); });
if (this->stop && this->tasks.empty()) {
return;
}
task = std::move(this->tasks.front());
this->tasks.pop();
}
task();
}
});
}
}
ThreadPool::~ThreadPool() {
{
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(queueMutex);
stop = true;
}
condition.notify_all();
for (std::thread& worker : workers) {
worker.join();
}
}
template <class F, class... Args>
auto ThreadPool::enqueue(F&& f, Args&&... args) -> std::future<typename std::result_of<F(Args...)>::type> {
using returnType = typename std::result_of<F(Args...)>::type;
auto task = std::make_shared<std::packaged_task<returnType()>>(std::bind(std::forward<F>(f), std::forward<Args>(args)...));
std::future<returnType> result = task->get_future();
{
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(queueMutex);
if (stop) {
throw std::runtime_error("enqueue on stopped ThreadPool");
}
tasks.emplace([task]() { (*task)(); });
}
condition.notify_one();
return result;
}
int main() {
ThreadPool pool(4);
auto result1 = pool.enqueue([](int a, int b) { return a + b; }, 2, 3);
auto result2 = pool.enqueue([](int a, int b) { return a * b; }, 2, 3);
std::cout << "Result 1: " << result1.get() << std::endl;
std::cout << "Result 2: " << result2.get() << std::endl;
return 0;
}
总结
- 这些例子展示了C++中多线程和异步编程的基本应用方式。通过合理使用这些技术,可以显著提升程序的执行效率和响应能力。根据具体的应用场景,选择合适的并发工具(如std::async、std::thread、std::future、线程池等)进行优化是关键。