kaggle_python_第三天_Booleans and conditionals

概述

本节主要学习了布尔运算和条件运算。将非布尔值的对象转换为布尔值的过程中，所有非零数字，和非空字符串，列表，元组的返回值都是True，为零数字和空字符串、数列元组返回的值都是False。

1. 布尔运算（booleans）

Python中有一种变量类型叫做bool 。 它有两个可能的值：True and False

x = True
print(x)
print(type(x))

'''
结果：
True
<class 'bool'>
'''

我们一般不直接在我们的code中输入True and False 。
我们通常从**布尔操作符（boolean operators）**中获得布尔运算值（boolean values）。布尔操作符可以回答Yes/No的问题。

1.1 比较运算符（Comparison Operations）

Operation	Description		Operation	Description
a == b	a equal to b		a != b	a not equal to b
a < b	a less than b		a > b	a greater than b
a <= b	a less than or equal to b		a >= b	a greater

def can_run_for_president(age):
    """Can someone of the given age run for president in the US?"""
    # The US Constitution says you must be at least 35 years old
    return age >= 35

print("Can a 19-year-old run for president?", can_run_for_president(19))
print("Can a 45-year-old run for president?", can_run_for_president(45))

'''
Can a 19-year-old run for president? False
Can a 45-year-old run for president? True
'''

3.0 == 3
# output: True

'3' == 3
# output: False 

比较运算符也可以与数学运算符一起使用。

# 是否是奇数
def is_odd(n):
    return (n % 2) == 1

print("Is 100 odd?", is_odd(100))
print("Is -1 odd?", is_odd(-1))

'''
Is 100 odd? False
Is -1 odd? True
'''

1.2 结合布尔运算值（Combining Boolean Values）

我们可以通过’and’, ‘or’, ‘not’ 将布尔值结合。

def can_run_for_president(age, is_natural_born_citizen):
    """Can someone of the given age and citizenship status run for president in the US?"""
    # The US Constitution says you must be a natural born citizen *and* at least 35 years old
    return is_natural_born_citizen and (age >= 35)

print(can_run_for_president(19, True))
print(can_run_for_president(55, False))
print(can_run_for_president(55, True))

'''
False
False
True
'''

运算顺序

True or True or False

# output: True

and 在or 之前求值，这也是为什么上述运算的结果是 True。**not 的优先级先于and ;而and 的优先级先于or ** 。

运算顺寻：https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#operator-precedence

我们可以熟记上述运算顺序，但是更安全的方法是增加括号。这不仅仅减少了bug的产生，还能让代码更清晰，更能表达意图。

例如：

prepared_for_weather = have_umbrella or rain_level < 5 and have_hood or not rain_level > 0 and is_workday

我这里尝试表达：

I’m trying to say that I’m safe from today’s weather…

• if I have an umbrella…
• or if the rain isn’t too heavy and I have a hood…
• otherwise, I’m still fine unless it’s raining and it’s a workday

但是上面代码的表达不仅难以阅读，还存在一个bug，我们可以通过增加括号（parentheses）解决问题。

prepared_for_weather = have_umbrella or (rain_level < 5 and have_hood) or not (rain_level > 0 and is_workday)

我们甚至可以增加更多的括号，让我们的阅读更容易：

prepared_for_weather = have_umbrella or ((rain_level < 5) and have_hood) or (not (rain_level > 0 and is_workday))

我们还可以将代码分成几行来强调上面想表达的三部分结构：

prepared_for_weather = (
    have_umbrella 
    or ((rain_level < 5) and have_hood) 
    or (not (rain_level > 0 and is_workday))
)

2. 条件语句(conditional)

使用if , elif ,else 这些关键词，将布尔运算与条件语句结合非常有用。

条件语句被看作 if-then 语句，运用布尔条件控制部分代码运行。

def inspect(x):
    if x == 0:
        print(x, "is zero")
    elif x > 0:
        print(x, "is positive")
    elif x < 0:
        print(x, "is negative")
    else:
        print(x, "is unlike anything I've ever seen...")

inspect(0)
inspect(-15)

'''
0 is zero
-15 is negative
'''

if 和else 也被用于其他编程语言，但elif 是python独有的，它是"else if"的缩写。在条件语句中，elif and else 的使用是有选择的；另外，我们能尽可能多的包含elif 语句。

值得注意的是：冒号: 后，缩进行（indented line）都属于这一单独的代码块，未缩进的行表示一个代码块的结束。

def f(x):
    if x > 0:
        print("Only printed when x is positive; x =", x)
        print("Also only printed when x is positive; x =", x)
    print("Always printed, regardless of x's value; x =", x)

f(1)
f(0)

'''
Only printed when x is positive; x = 1
Also only printed when x is positive; x = 1
Always printed, regardless of x's value; x = 1
Always printed, regardless of x's value; x = 0
'''

3. 布尔转换(Boolean conversion)

bool() 函数将输入转化为bools。

print(bool(1)) # all numbers are treated as true, except 0
print(bool(0))
print(bool("asf")) # all strings are treated as true, except the empty string ""
print(bool(""))
# Generally empty sequences (strings, lists, and other types we've yet to see like lists and tuples)
# are "falsey" and the rest are "truthy"

'''
True
False
True
False
'''

bool() 返回值：

• 除了输入0之外，其他所有数字都是True
• 除了空字符串（“ “）外，其他所有字符串都输出True
• 一般来讲，输入任何空的序列（包括strings，lists，tuples等）都输出False

我们能在条件语句（或其他地方）中使用非布尔的对象，Python能够明确的将他们视为相应的布尔值：

if 0:
    print(0)
elif "spam":
    print("spam")
    
'''
spam
'''
他所有数字都是True
- 除了空字符串（“ “）外，其他所有字符串都输出True
- 一般来讲，输入任何空的序列（包括strings，lists，tuples等）都输出False



我们能在条件语句（或其他地方）中使用非布尔的对象，Python能够明确的将他们视为相应的布尔值：

```python
if 0:
    print(0)
elif "spam":
    print("spam")
    
'''
spam
'''