Go语言圣经练习解答-入门(第一章)
Go语言圣经练习解答-入门(第一章)
练习 1.1
修改echo程序,使其能够打印os.Args[0]
,即被执行命令本身的名字。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"strings"
)
func main() {
fmt.Println(strings.Join(os.Args, " "))
}
练习 1.2
修改echo程序,使其打印每个参数的索引和值,每个一行。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
)
func main() {
for index, value := range os.Args {
fmt.Println(index, value)
}
}
练习 1.3
做实验测量潜在低效的版本和使用了strings.Join
的版本的运行时间差异。
package main
import (
"strings"
"testing"
)
func Benchmark1(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
input := []string{"12", "qw", "as", "zx"}
strings.Join(input, " ")
}
}
func Benchmark2(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
input := []string{"12", "qw", "as", "zx"}
var result, sep string
for _, value := range input {
result += sep + value
sep = " "
}
}
}
结果:
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
Benchmark1
Benchmark1-4 17314023 64.9 ns/op
Benchmark2
Benchmark2-4 8261440 148 ns/op
PASS
含义:
Benchmark1-4 17314023 64.9 ns/op
- -4表示4个cpu线程执行
- 17314023表示执行了17314023次
- 64.9 ns/op表示每次执行耗时64.9纳秒
- 所以使用strings.Join的方案比循环增加的方法更快
练习 1.4
修改dup2,出现重复的行时打印文件名称。
package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"os"
)
func main() {
counts := make(map[string]int)
files := os.Args[1:]
if len(files) == 0 {
countLines(os.Stdin, counts)
} else {
for _, arg := range files {
f, err := os.Open(arg)
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "dup2: %v\n", err)
continue
}
countLines(f, counts)
f.Close()
}
}
for line, n := range counts {
if n > 1 {
fmt.Printf("%d\t%s\n", n, line)
}
}
}
func countLines(f *os.File, counts map[string]int) {
input := bufio.NewScanner(f)
for input.Scan() {
line := input.Text()
counts[line]++
if counts[line] > 1 {
fmt.Println("dup:", line, f.Name())
}
}
// NOTE: ignoring potential errors from input.Err()
}
练习 1.5,1.6
修改前面的Lissajous程序里的调色板,由黑色改为绿色。我们可以用color.RGBA{0xRR, 0xGG, 0xBB, 0xff}
来得到#RRGGBB这个色值,三个十六进制的字符串分别代表红、绿、蓝像素。
修改Lissajous程序,修改其调色板来生成更丰富的颜色,然后修改SetColorIndex
的第三个参数,看看显示结果吧。
package main
import (
"image"
"image/color"
"image/gif"
"io"
"math"
"math/rand"
"os"
)
//!-main
// Packages not needed by version in book.
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
)
//!+main
var palette = []color.Color{color.White, color.Black, color.RGBA{0, 255, 0, 255}, color.RGBA{255, 0, 0, 255}, color.RGBA{0, 0, 255, 255}, color.RGBA{255, 255, 0, 255}, color.RGBA{0, 255, 255, 255}, color.RGBA{255, 0, 255, 255}}
const (
whiteIndex = 0 // first color in palette
blackIndex = 1 // next color in palette
)
func main() {
//!-main
// The sequence of images is deterministic unless we seed
// the pseudo-random number generator using the current time.
// Thanks to Randall McPherson for pointing out the omission.
rand.Seed(time.Now().UTC().UnixNano())
if len(os.Args) > 1 && os.Args[1] == "web" {
//!+http
handler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
lissajous(w)
}
http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
//!-http
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8000", nil))
return
}
//!+main
lissajous(os.Stdout)
}
func lissajous(out io.Writer) {
const (
cycles = 5 // number of complete x oscillator revolutions
res = 0.001 // angular resolution
size = 100 // image canvas covers [-size..+size]
nframes = 64 // number of animation frames
delay = 8 // delay between frames in 10ms units
)
freq := rand.Float64() * 3.0 // relative frequency of y oscillator
anim := gif.GIF{LoopCount: nframes}
phase := 0.0 // phase difference
for i := 0; i < nframes; i++ {
rect := image.Rect(0, 0, 2*size+1, 2*size+1)
img := image.NewPaletted(rect, palette)
for t := 0.0; t < cycles*2*math.Pi; t += res {
x := math.Sin(t)
y := math.Sin(t*freq + phase)
img.SetColorIndex(size+int(x*size+0.5), size+int(y*size+0.5),
uint8(rand.Intn(7)))
}
phase += 0.1
anim.Delay = append(anim.Delay, delay)
anim.Image = append(anim.Image, img)
}
gif.EncodeAll(out, &anim) // NOTE: ignoring encoding errors
}
练习 1.7,1.8,1.9
函数调用io.Copy(dst, src)
会从src中读取内容,并将读到的结果写入到dst中,使用这个函数替代掉例子中的ioutil.ReadAll来拷贝响应结构体到os.Stdout
,避免申请一个缓冲区(例子中的b)来存储。记得处理io.Copy
返回结果中的错误。
修改fetch这个范例,如果输入的url参数没有 http:// 前缀的话,为这个url加上该前缀。你可能会用到strings.HasPrefix
这个函数。
修改fetch打印出HTTP协议的状态码,可以从resp.Status
变量得到该状态码。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"os"
"strings"
)
func main() {
for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
// 练习1.8
if !strings.HasPrefix(url, "http://") {
url = "http://" + url
}
resp, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "fetch: %v\n", err)
os.Exit(1)
}
// 练习1.7
_, err = io.Copy(os.Stdout, resp.Body)
resp.Body.Close()
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "fetch: reading %s: %v\n", url, err)
os.Exit(1)
}
// 练习1.9
fmt.Println("Status Code: ", resp.Status)
}
}
练习 1.10,1.11
找一个数据量比较大的网站,用本小节中的程序调研网站的缓存策略,对每个URL执行两遍请求,查看两次时间是否有较大的差别,并且每次获取到的响应内容是否一致,修改本节中的程序,将响应结果输出,以便于进行对比。
在fetchall中尝试使用长一些的参数列表,比如使用在alexa.com的上百万网站里排名靠前的。如果一个网站没有回应,程序将采取怎样的行为?(Section8.9 描述了在这种情况下的应对机制)。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"os"
"time"
)
func main() {
start := time.Now()
ch := make(chan string)
for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
go fetch(url, ch) // start a goroutine
go fetch(url, ch) // start a goroutine
}
for range os.Args[1:] {
fmt.Println(<-ch) // receive from channel ch
fmt.Println(<-ch) // receive from channel ch
}
fmt.Printf("%.2fs elapsed\n", time.Since(start).Seconds())
}
func fetch(url string, ch chan<- string) {
start := time.Now()
resp, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil {
ch <- fmt.Sprint(err) // send to channel ch
return
}
nbytes, err := io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, resp.Body)
resp.Body.Close() // don't leak resources
if err != nil {
ch <- fmt.Sprintf("while reading %s: %v", url, err)
return
}
secs := time.Since(start).Seconds()
ch <- fmt.Sprintf("%.2fs %7d %s", secs, nbytes, url)
}
结果:
0.04s 81 http://baidu.com
0.04s 81 http://baidu.com
Get "http://google.com": read tcp 192.168.2.191:59327->93.46.8.90:80: read: connection reset by peer
0.13s 6632 http://192.168.2.254
0.13s 6632 http://192.168.2.254
0.27s 119146 http://jd.com
0.27s 119146 http://jd.com
0.30s 215284 http://sohu.com
0.30s 215284 http://sohu.com
0.30s 81462 http://360.cn
0.30s 81462 http://360.cn
0.34s 121866 http://taobao.com
0.35s 121866 http://taobao.com
0.37s 141808 http://tmall.com
0.38s 101564 http://qq.com
0.39s 101564 http://qq.com
0.51s 141808 http://tmall.com
Get "http://google.com": dial tcp 93.46.8.90:80: i/o timeout
30.00s elapsed
两次google.com的请求分别报了不同的错
- tcp read: connection reset by peer
- i/o timeout
练习 1.12
修改Lissajour服务,从URL读取变量,比如你可以访问 http://localhost:8000/?cycles=20 这个URL,这样访问可以将程序里的cycles默认的5修改为20。字符串转换为数字可以调用strconv.Atoi
函数。你可以在godoc里查看strconv.Atoi
的详细说明。
访问:http://localhost:8000/gif?c=5
package main
import (
"fmt"
"image"
"image/color"
"image/gif"
"io"
"log"
"math"
"math/rand"
"net/http"
"strconv"
)
var palette = []color.Color{color.White, color.Black, color.RGBA{0, 255, 0, 255}, color.RGBA{255, 0, 0, 255}, color.RGBA{0, 0, 255, 255}, color.RGBA{255, 255, 0, 255}, color.RGBA{0, 255, 255, 255}, color.RGBA{255, 0, 255, 255}}
const (
whiteIndex = 0 // first color in palette
blackIndex = 1 // next color in palette
)
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", handler) // each request calls handler
http.HandleFunc("/gif", gifhandler) // each request calls handler
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe("localhost:8000", nil))
}
// handler echoes the Path component of the requested URL.
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "URL.Path = %q\n", r.URL.Path)
}
func gifhandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
params := r.URL.Query()
fmt.Println(params)
cStr := params.Get("c")
cInt, _ := strconv.Atoi(cStr)
lissajous(w, float64(cInt))
}
func lissajous(out io.Writer, c float64) {
const (
cycles = 5 // number of complete x oscillator revolutions
res = 0.001 // angular resolution
size = 100 // image canvas covers [-size..+size]
nframes = 64 // number of animation frames
delay = 8 // delay between frames in 10ms units
)
freq := rand.Float64() * 3.0 // relative frequency of y oscillator
anim := gif.GIF{LoopCount: nframes}
phase := 0.0 // phase difference
for i := 0; i < nframes; i++ {
rect := image.Rect(0, 0, 2*size+1, 2*size+1)
img := image.NewPaletted(rect, palette)
for t := 0.0; t < c*2*math.Pi; t += res {
x := math.Sin(t)
y := math.Sin(t*freq + phase)
img.SetColorIndex(size+int(x*size+0.5), size+int(y*size+0.5),
uint8(rand.Intn(7)))
}
phase += 0.1
anim.Delay = append(anim.Delay, delay)
anim.Image = append(anim.Image, img)
}
gif.EncodeAll(out, &anim) // NOTE: ignoring encoding errors
}