python-设计模式（工厂模式）

我们有时需要根据不同的条件来创建不同的对象，首先会想到用if --elif语句来搞定。但是会有一个弊端，就是对以后扩展非常不方面，往往需要增加elif 语句。比如下面的例子

创建个模块，模块里先设计个类的蓝图，然后让后面的类继承，并实现action具体方法。

from abc import abstractmethod,ABC

class Player(ABC):
    def __init__(self,name,role):
        self.name=name
        self.role=role

    def __str__(self):
        return f'name={self.name},role={self.role}'

    @abstractmethod
    def action(self):
        "球员的行为"



class Forward(Player):
    def action(self):
        print('前锋，凌空飞射')


class Mid(Player):
    def action(self):
        print('中位，强壮身体护卫')

class Back(Player):
    def action(self):
        print("后位，严防死守")

在另外一个文件里调用该模块

from player import Player,Forward,Mid,Back
from v2 import register,create


def main():
    data={
        'players':[
            {'name':"zhang bao shui",'role':"FW"},
            {'name':"zhang xuanxuan",'role':"MD"},
            {'name':"zhang tianchen",'role':"BW"},
        ]


    }

    players=[]
    for player in data['players']:
        role=player['role']
        if role=='FW':
    
            players.append(Forward(**player))
        elif role=='MD':
           players.append(Mid(**player))
        elif role=='Bw':
          players.append(Back(**player))



    for args in data['players']:
        # print(args)
        player=create(args)
        print(player)
        player.action()




main()

假如现在又增加了一个类，就要再写elif 语句做判断。又没别的方法呢？答案是有的。也是建立以各模块，模块里放一个字典，再写三个函数，分别为注册，取消注册，创建对象函数。当我们使用时就用这三个函数来完成。代码如下：

from player import Player

player_creation_functions={}

def register(role:str,creation_function)->None:
    player_creation_functions[role]=creation_function

def unregister(role:str)->None:
    player_creation_functions.pop(role,None)


def create(args:dict)->Player:
    the_args=args.copy()
    role=the_args['role']
    try:
        create_function=player_creation_functions[role]
        return create_function(**the_args)
    except KeyError:
        raise ValueError(f'未知角色{role}') from None

现在将之前代码更改为：

from player import Player,Forward,Mid,Back
from v2 import register,create


def main():
    data={
        'players':[
            {'name':"zhang bao shui",'role':"FW"},
            {'name':"zhang xuanxuan",'role':"MD"},
            {'name':"zhang tianchen",'role':"BW"},
        ]


    }

    players=[]
    # for player in data['players']:
    #     role=player['role']
    #     if role=='FW':
    #         print(player)
    #         # print(**player)
    #         players.append(Forward(**player))
    #     elif role=='MD':
    #         players.append(Mid(**player))
    #     elif role=='Bw':
    #         players.append(Back(**player))

    #注册
    register("FW",Forward)
    register("MD",Mid)
    register("BW",Back)


    #创建

    for args in data['players']:
        # print(args)
        player=create(args)
        print(player)
        player.action()




main()

效果和之前是一样的。实际操作可以把data保存为json文件，以后只需改json文件内容即可