主从作用
- 实时灾备，用于故障切换
- 读写分离，提供查询服务
- 备份，避免影响业务
主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
- 多主一从—5.7开始支持
- 联级复制
主从复制原理
主从复制步骤：
主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志） 文件中
- SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的
主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤：
1.确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
2.在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
3.配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
4.配置从数据库（修改配置文件）
环境说明：
| 数据库角色 | IP和主机名 | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主数据库 | VM2 192.168.136.135 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 | 有数据 |
| 从数据库 | VM3 192.168.136.134 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作
mysql主从配置
为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中
全备主库
全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出
备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p1 --all-databases > /opt/all-2000.sql
将备份文件复制到从库上并恢复数据
[root@localhost ~]#scp ~ /opt/all-2000.sql root@192.168.136.134:/root/
解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#mysql -uroot -p1< all-2000
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用(此处用户和IP的引号不能掉!)
mysql> CREATE USER 'repl'@'192.168.163.134' IDENTIFIED BY 'repl123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'repl'@'192.168.163.134';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec
在从数据库上登录验证
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -urepl -p'repl123' -h192.168.163.134
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 10
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
配置主数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
log-bin=mysql-bin #启用binlog日志
server-id=10 #数据库服务器唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须比主库的大
~
~
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.... SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!
查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
配置从数据库
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
server-id= 20 #设置从库的唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须大于主库的该值
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin #启用中继日志relay-log
~
重启从库的mysql服务
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
-> master_host='192.168.163.135',
-> master_user='repl',
-> master_password='repl123',
-> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',
-> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
查看从服务器状态,必须为YES.
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.163.135
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 320
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes #必须为yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes #必须为yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_Space: 527
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 1
Master_UUID: 14575faf-1c27-11eb-8c1e-000c2948f743
Master_Info_File: /data/3306/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
测试.主库中创建一个数据库,从库中进行验证
主库
mysql> create database tjp;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
从库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| tjp |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.11 sec)
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