有关模板元编程的几个有趣的例子

u5bf

已于 2023-06-01 13:32:46 修改

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文章标签： c++ 开发语言

于 2023-05-16 09:30:05 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_51149598/article/details/130697864

版权

阶乘

#include <cstdint>

template<uint64_t N>
struct Fact
{
    enum { Value = N * Fact<N - 1>::Value };
};

template<>
struct Fact<1ULL>
{
    enum { Value = 1ULL };
};

斐波那契额数列

template<uint64_t N>
struct Fib
{
    enum { Value = Fib<N - 1>::Value + Fib<N - 2>::Value };
};

template<>
struct Fib<2ULL>
{
    enum { Value = 1ULL };
};
template<>
struct Fib<1ULL>
{
    enum { Value = 1ULL };
};

乘方运算

template<int64_t base, uint64_t exp>
struct Pow
{
    enum { Value = base * Pow<base, exp-1>::Value };
};

template<int64_t base>
struct Pow<base, 1>
{
    enum { Value = base };
};

template<int64_t base>
struct Pow<base, 0>
{
    enum { Value = 1 };
};

测试

#include <iostream>

using ::std::cout;
using ::std::endl;

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
    cout << Fact<5ULL>::Value << endl;
    cout << Fib<10ULL>::Value << endl;
    cout << Pow<2, 10>::Value << endl;
    return 0;
}

运行结果如下

120
403200
1024

新的写法

上述代码是C++11以前的写法，借助了enum在编译期求值的特性。C++11以后可使用static constexpr变量取代。具体做法如下：

#include <cstdint>

template<uint64_t N>
struct Fact
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = N * Fact<N - 1>::Value;
};

template<>
struct Fact<1ULL>
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = 1ULL;
};


template<uint64_t N>
struct Fib
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = Fib<N - 1>::Value + Fib<N - 2>::Value;
};

template<>
struct Fib<2ULL>
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = 1ULL;
};
template<>
struct Fib<1ULL>
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = 1ULL;
};

template<int64_t base, uint64_t exp>
struct Pow
{
    static constexpr int64_t Value = base * Pow<base, exp-1>::Value;
};

template<int64_t base>
struct Pow<base, 1>
{
    static constexpr int64_t Value = base;
};

template<int64_t base>
struct Pow<base, 0>
{
    static constexpr int64_t Value = 1;
};

修改完后用法和之前完全一样。
借助C++17可以进一步简化，如下：

#include <cstdint>

template <uint64_t N>
struct Fact
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = []
    {
        if constexpr (N == 1)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        else
        {
            return N * Fact<N - 1>::Value;
        }
    }();
};

template <uint64_t N>
struct Fib
{
    static constexpr uint64_t Value = []
    {
        if constexpr (N < 3)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        else
        {
            return Fib<N - 1>::Value + Fib<N - 2>::Value;
        }
    }();
};

template<int64_t base, uint64_t exp>
struct Pow
{
    static constexpr int64_t Value = [] -> int64_t
    {
        if constexpr (exp == 1)
        {
            return base;
        }
        else if (exp == 0)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        else
        {
            return base * Pow<base, exp-1>::Value;
        }
    }();
};