彩色空间转换:实现RGB TO YUV 和 YUV TO RGB

彩色空间转换

  1. 基本要求(必做):编写RGB转化为YUV程序,重点掌握函数定义,部分查找表的初始化和调用,缓冲区分配。将得到的RGB文件转换为YUV文件,用YUV Viewer播放器观看,验证是否正确。
  2. 提高要求(可选):编写将YUV转换为RGB的程序。将给定的实验数据用该程序转换为RGB文件。并与原RGB文件进行比较,如果有误差,分析误差来自何处。

基本思想

  1. YUV与RGB空间的相互转换
Y =  0.299*R + 0.587*G + 0.114*B;
U = -0.169*R - 0.331*G + 0.5  *B ;
V =  0.5  *R - 0.419*G - 0.081*B;
R = (298 * Y + 411 * V - 57376) >> 8;
G = (298 * Y - 101 *U - 211 *V + 35168) >> 8 ;
B = (298 * Y + 519 *U - 71200) >> 8 ;
  1. 为了使色差信号的动态范围控制在0.5之间,需要进行归一化,对色差信号引入压缩系数。归一化后的色差信号为:
U=-0.1684R-0.3316G+0.5B;
V=0.5R-0.4187G-0.0813B;

3. 亮电平信号量化后码电平分配

在对分量信号进行8比特均匀量化时,共分为256个等间隔的量化级。为了防止信号变动造成过载,在256级上端留20级,下端留16级作为信号超越动态范围的保护带。

4. 色差信号量化后码电平分配

色差信号经过归一化处理后,动态范围为-0.5-0.5,让色差零电平对应码电平128,色差信号总共占225个量化级。在256级上端留15级,下端留16级作为信号超越动态范围的保护带。

5. 色度格式

4:2:0格式是指色差信号U,V的取样频率为亮度信号取样频率的四分之一,在水平方向和垂直方向上的取样点数均为Y的一半。

RGB转化为YUV

- 代码

函数rgb2yuc.cpp:

#include "stdlib.h"
#include "rgb2yuv.h"
static float RGBYUV02990[256], RGBYUV05870[256], RGBYUV01140[256];
static float RGBYUV01684[256], RGBYUV03316[256];
static float RGBYUV04187[256], RGBYUV00813[256];
int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;

	long i, j, size;
	unsigned char *r, *g, *b;
	unsigned char *y, *u, *v;
	unsigned char *pu1, *pu2, *pv1, *pv2, *psu, *psv;
	unsigned char *y_buffer, *u_buffer, *v_buffer;
	unsigned char *sub_u_buf, *sub_v_buf;

	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();
		init_done = 1;
	}

	// check to see if x_dim and y_dim are divisible by 2
	if ((x_dim % 2) || (y_dim % 2)) return 1;
	size = x_dim * y_dim;

	// allocate memory
	y_buffer = (unsigned char *)y_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char *)u_out;
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char *)v_out;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	v_buffer = (unsigned char *)malloc(size * sizeof(unsigned char));
	if (!(u_buffer && v_buffer))
	{
		if (u_buffer) free(u_buffer);
		if (v_buffer) free(v_buffer);
		return 2;
	}

	b = (unsigned char *)bmp;
	y = y_buffer;
	u = u_buffer;
	v = v_buffer;

	// convert RGB to YUV
	if (!flip) {
		for (j = 0; j < y_dim; j ++)
		{
			y = y_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			u = u_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;
			v = v_buffer + (y_dim - j - 1) * x_dim;

			for (i = 0; i < x_dim; i ++) {
				g = b + 1;
				r = b + 2;
				*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
				*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
				*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
				b += 3;
				y ++;
				u ++;
				v ++;
			}
		}
	} else {
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
		{
			g = b + 1;
			r = b + 2;
			*y = (unsigned char)(  RGBYUV02990[*r] + RGBYUV05870[*g] + RGBYUV01140[*b]);
			*u = (unsigned char)(- RGBYUV01684[*r] - RGBYUV03316[*g] + (*b)/2          + 128);
			*v = (unsigned char)(  (*r)/2          - RGBYUV04187[*g] - RGBYUV00813[*b] + 128);
			b += 3;
			y ++;
			u ++;
			v ++;
		}
	}

	// subsample UV
	for (j = 0; j < y_dim/2; j ++)
	{
		psu = sub_u_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
		psv = sub_v_buf + j * x_dim / 2;
		pu1 = u_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
		pu2 = u_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
		pv1 = v_buffer + 2 * j * x_dim;
		pv2 = v_buffer + (2 * j + 1) * x_dim;
		for (i = 0; i < x_dim/2; i ++)
		{
			*psu = (*pu1 + *(pu1+1) + *pu2 + *(pu2+1)) / 4;
			*psv = (*pv1 + *(pv1+1) + *pv2 + *(pv2+1)) / 4;
			psu ++;
			psv ++;
			pu1 += 2;
			pu2 += 2;
			pv1 += 2;
			pv2 += 2;
		}
	}

	free(u_buffer);
	free(v_buffer);

	return 0;
}


void InitLookupTable()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV02990[i] = (float)0.2990 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV05870[i] = (float)0.5870 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01140[i] = (float)0.1140 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV01684[i] = (float)0.1684 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV03316[i] = (float)0.3316 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV04187[i] = (float)0.4187 * i;
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) RGBYUV00813[i] = (float)0.0813 * i;
}

头文件rgb2yuv.h:

int RGB2YUV (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip);

void InitLookupTable();

主函数main.cpp:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include "rgb2yuv.h"

#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8
#define u_int		unsigned __int32
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
#define FALSE		false
#define TRUE		true

/*
 * rgb2yuv
 * required arg1 should be the input RAW RGB24 file
 * required arg2 should be the output RAW YUV12 file
 */ 
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
	/* variables controlable from command line */
	u_int frameWidth = 352;			/* --width=<uint> */
	u_int frameHeight = 240;		/* --height=<uint> */
	bool flip = TRUE;				/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;

	/* internal variables */
	char* rgbFileName = NULL;
	char* yuvFileName = NULL;
	FILE* rgbFile = NULL;
	FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
	u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;

	/* begin process command line */
	/* point to the specified file names */
	rgbFileName = argv[1];
	yuvFileName = argv[2];

	frameWidth = atoi(argv[3]);
	frameHeight = atoi(argv[4]);
	
	/* open the RGB file */
	rgbFile = fopen(rgbFileName, "rb");
	if (rgbFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find rgb file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input rgb file is %s\n", rgbFileName);
	}

	/* open the RAW file */
	yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "wb");
	if (yuvFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
	}

	/* get an input buffer for a frame */
	rgbBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);

	/* get the output buffers for a frame */
	yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);
	vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);

	if (rgbBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || uBuf == NULL || vBuf == NULL)
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	while (fread(rgbBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight * 3, rgbFile)) 
	{
		if(RGB2YUV(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
					}

		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight; i++)
		{
			if (yBuf[i] < 16) yBuf[i] = 16;
			if (yBuf[i] > 235) yBuf[i] = 235;
		}

		for (i = 0; i < frameWidth*frameHeight/4; i++)
		{
			if (uBuf[i] < 16) uBuf[i] = 16;
			if (uBuf[i] > 240) uBuf[i] = 240;

			if (vBuf[i] < 16) vBuf[i] = 16;
			if (vBuf[i] > 240) vBuf[i] = 240;
		}

		fwrite(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile);
		fwrite(uBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4, yuvFile);
		fwrite(vBuf, 1, (frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4, yuvFile);

		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	}

	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n", 
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);

	/* cleanup */

	fclose(rgbFile);
	fclose(yuvFile);

	return(0);
}
  • 项目属性调试设置:
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 用YUV Viewer播放器观看得到YUV文件:
    在这里插入图片描述
    可以正常打开

YUV转化为RGB

  • 代码(只需修改上面rgb转换yuv代码的下采样为上采样以及三个通道的取值即可)

转换函数yuv2rgb.cpp:

#include "stdlib.h"
#include "yuv2rgb.h"

static float YUVRGB14075[256];
static float YUVRGB03455[256], YUVRGB07169[256];
static float YUVRGB1779[256];
int YUV2RGB(int width, int height, void* rgb_out, void* y_in, void* u_in, void* v_in, int flip)
{
	static int init_done = 0;

	long i, j, size;
	float tempr,tempg, tempb;
	unsigned char* b,*g,*r;
	unsigned char* y, * u, * v;
	unsigned char* y_buffer, * u_buffer, * v_buffer,*rgb_buffer;
	unsigned char* sub_u_buf, * sub_v_buf;

	if (init_done == 0)
	{
		InitLookupTable();
		init_done = 1;
	}


	if ((width % 2) || (height % 2)) return 1;
	size = width * height;


	y_buffer = (unsigned char*)y_in;
	u_buffer = (unsigned char*)u_in;
	v_buffer = (unsigned char*)v_in;
	rgb_buffer = (unsigned char*)rgb_out;
	sub_u_buf = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);
	sub_v_buf = (unsigned char*)malloc(size);

	for (i = 0; i < height; i++)
	{
		for (j = 0; j < width; j++)
		{
			*(sub_u_buf + i * width + j) = *(u_buffer + (i / 2) * (width / 2) + j / 2);
			*(sub_v_buf + i * width + j) = *(v_buffer + (i / 2) * (width / 2) + j / 2);
		}
	}
	b = rgb_buffer;
	y = y_buffer;
	u = sub_u_buf;
	v = sub_v_buf;
	for(i=0;i<size;i++)
	{
		g=b+1;
		r=b+2;
		tempr = *y + YUVRGB14075[*v];
		tempg = *y - YUVRGB03455[*u] - YUVRGB07169[*v];
		tempb = *y + YUVRGB1779[*u];
		*b = ( (tempr > 255) ? 255 : ( tempr < 0 ? 0 : (unsigned char)tempr) );
		*g = ( (tempg > 255) ? 255 : ( tempg < 0 ? 0 : (unsigned char)tempg) );
		*r = ( (tempb > 255) ? 255 : ( tempb < 0 ? 0 : (unsigned char)tempb) );
		b=b+3;
		y++;
		u++;
		v++;
	}
	if (sub_u_buf != NULL) free(sub_u_buf);
	if (sub_v_buf != NULL) free(sub_v_buf);
	return 0;
}
void InitLookupTable()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB14075[i] = (float)1.4075 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB03455[i] = (float)0.3455 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB07169[i] = (float)0.7169 * (i - 128);
	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) YUVRGB1779[i] = (float)1.779 * (i - 128);

}

头文件yuv2rgb.h:

int YUV2RGB (int x_dim, int y_dim, void *bmp, void *y_out, void *u_out, void *v_out, int flip);

void InitLookupTable();

主函数main2.cpp:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>  
#include <malloc.h>
#include "yuv2rgb.h"

#define u_int8_t	unsigned __int8  
#define u_int		unsigned __int32  
#define u_int32_t	unsigned __int32
#define FALSE		false
#define TRUE		true

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	/* variables controlable from command line */
	u_int frameWidth = 352;			/* --width=<uint> */
	u_int frameHeight = 240;		/* --height=<uint> */
	bool flip = TRUE;				/* --flip */
	unsigned int i;

	/* internal variables */
	char* rgbFileName = NULL;
	char* yuvFileName = NULL;
	FILE* rgbFile = NULL;
	FILE* yuvFile = NULL;
	u_int8_t* rgbBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* yBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* uBuf = NULL;
	u_int8_t* vBuf = NULL;
	u_int32_t videoFramesWritten = 0;

	/* begin process command line */
	/* point to the specified file names */
	yuvFileName = argv[1];
	rgbFileName = argv[2];

	frameWidth = atoi(argv[3]);   
	frameHeight = atoi(argv[4]);

	/* open the YUV file */
	yuvFile = fopen(yuvFileName, "rb");
	if (yuvFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find yuv file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The input yuv file is %s\n", yuvFileName);
	}

	/* open the RGB file */
	rgbFile = fopen(rgbFileName, "wb");
	if (rgbFile == NULL)
	{
		printf("cannot find rgb file\n");
		exit(1);
	}
	else
	{
		printf("The output rgb file is %s\n", rgbFileName);
	}

	/* get an input buffer for a frame */
	rgbBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight * 3);  

	/* get the output buffers for a frame */
	yBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc(frameWidth * frameHeight);
	uBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);
	vBuf = (u_int8_t*)malloc((frameWidth * frameHeight) / 4);

	if (rgbBuf == NULL || yBuf == NULL || uBuf == NULL || vBuf == NULL) 
	{
		printf("no enought memory\n");
		exit(1);
	}

	while (fread(yBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight, yuvFile)&& fread(uBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight / 4, yuvFile)&& fread(vBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight / 4, yuvFile))
	{
		
		if (YUV2RGB(frameWidth, frameHeight, rgbBuf, yBuf, uBuf, vBuf, flip))
		{
			printf("error");
			return 0;
		}
		fwrite(rgbBuf, 1, frameWidth * frameHeight * 3, rgbFile);
		printf("\r...%d", ++videoFramesWritten);
	}

	printf("\n%u %ux%u video frames written\n",
		videoFramesWritten, frameWidth, frameHeight);

	/* cleanup */

	fclose(rgbFile);
	fclose(yuvFile);

	return(0);
}

- 调试:
在这里插入图片描述

- down.rgb原图:

在这里插入图片描述

- 转换后的图yuv2rgb.rgb:
在这里插入图片描述
与原图相比,有明显的色差。

- 误差分析

  1. 4:2:0的采样造成的误差
  2. 浮点计算的小数误差
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