Docker基本及常用命令

docker安装

1.卸载旧的版本

yum remove docker \
                  docker-client \
                  docker-client-latest \
                  docker-common \
                  docker-latest \
                  docker-latest-logrotate \
                  docker-logrotate \
                  docker-engine

2.需要的安装包

yum install -y yum-utils

3.设置镜像的仓库

yum-config-manager \
    --add-repo \
    http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

4.安装docker相关的内容

yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io -y
docker-ce 社区版          docker-ee 企业版

5.启动docker

systemctl start docker

docker version (验证)
docker run hello-world

6.查看hello是否存在

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        9 months ago        13.3kB
[root@localhost ~]# 

7.卸载docker

 yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
 rm -rf /var/lib/docker

8.配置阿里云镜像加速

(1) 安装/升级Docker客户端

推荐安装1.10.0以上版本的Docker客户端,参考文档docker-ce

(2)配置镜像加速器

针对Docker客户端版本大于 1.10.0 的用户

您可以通过修改daemon配置文件/etc/docker/daemon.json来使用加速器

sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://o1s7l77v.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

————————————————————

docker常用命令

帮助命令

docker version    #显示docker的版本信息

docker info         #显示docker的系统信息 ,包括镜像和容器的数量

docker <命令> --help    #帮助命令

镜像命令

docker images 查看所有本地的主机上的镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        9 months ago        13.3kB

#解释
REPOSITORY    镜像的仓库源
TAG           镜像的标签
IMAGE ID      镜像的ID
CREATED       镜像的创建时间
SIZE          镜像的大小

#可选项
-a            #列出所有镜像
-q            #只显示镜像的ID

docker search 搜索镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10081               [OK]                
mariadb                           MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS…   3694                [OK]                
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   737                                                   
#可选项,通过搜索来过滤
--filter=STARS=3000      #搜索出来的镜像就是STARS大于3000的
[root@localhost ~]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000
NAME                DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql               MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10081               [OK]                
mariadb             MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS…   3694                [OK]  

[root@localhost ~]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=5000
NAME                DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql               MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10081               [OK]   

docker pull 下载镜像

# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
[root@localhost ~]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest         # 如果不写 tag,默认就是 latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
bb79b6b2107f: Pull complete       # 分层下载, docker images的核心 联合文件系统
49e22f6fb9f7: Pull complete 
842b1255668c: Pull complete 
9f48d1f43000: Pull complete 
c693f0615bce: Pull complete 
8a621b9dbed2: Pull complete 
0807d32aef13: Pull complete 
9eb4355ba450: Pull complete 
6879faad3b6c: Pull complete 
164ef92f3887: Pull complete 
6e4a6e666228: Pull complete 
d45dea7731ad: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:86b7c83e24c824163927db1016d5ab153a9a04358951be8b236171286e3289a4
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest    #真实地址

#等价于它
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

docker rmi 删除镜像

[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
mysql               latest              8e85dd5c3255        6 days ago          544MB
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        9 months ago        13.3kB

[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f 容器ID     #删除指定的容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f 容器ID 容器ID 容器ID	#删除多个容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)   #删除全部的容器

容器命令

我们有了镜像才可以创建容器

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

#参数说明
--name="Name"		  容器名字	Tomcat01 Tomcat02,用来区分容器
-d				     后台方式运行
-it                    使用交互方式运行,进入容器查看内容
-p					 指定容器的端口 -p 8080:8080
	-p ip:主机端口:容器端口
	-p 主机端口:容器端口 (常用)
	-p 容器端口
	容器端口
-p                      随机指定端口

#测试,启动并进入容器
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@edc0e8841191 /]# ls    # 查看容器内的centos,基础版本,很多命令都是不完善的
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
#从容器中退回主机
[root@edc0e8841191 /]# exit
exit

docker ps 列出所有的运行的容器

# docker ps 命令
	# 列出当前正在运行的容器
-a   # 列出当前正在运行的容器 + 带出历史运行过得容器
-n=? # 列出最近创建的容器
-q   # 只显示容器的编号

[root@localhost /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES

[root@localhost /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                     PORTS               NAMES
fa594b9a85e2        centos              "/bin/bash"         5 minutes ago       Exited (0) 5 minutes ago                       elastic_dubinsky
edc0e8841191        centos              "/bin/bash"         7 minutes ago       Exited (0) 6 minutes ago                       vigilant_morse
24269038ee89        centos              "/bin/bash"         9 minutes ago       Exited (0) 9 minutes ago                       clever_chaum
5f4df578418f        hello-world         "/hello"            2 hours ago         Exited (0) 2 hours ago                         compassionate_bose

[root@localhost /]# docker ps -n=1
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                     PORTS               NAMES
fa594b9a85e2        centos              "/bin/bash"         5 minutes ago       Exited (0) 5 minutes ago                       elastic_dubinsky

[root@localhost /]# docker ps -aq
fa594b9a85e2
edc0e8841191
24269038ee89
5f4df578418f

退出容器

exit     # 直接容器停止并退出
ctrl + P + Q  # 容器不停止退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id       # 删除指定的容器,不能删除正在运行的容器,如果要强制删除 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) # 删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs rm # 删除所有的容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start 容器ID       # 启动容器
docker restart 容器ID     # 重启容器
docker stop 容器ID        # 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器ID        # 强制停止当前容器

容器其他命令

# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名:
[root@localhost /]# docker run -d centos
# 问题docker ps 发现 centos 停止了

# 常见问题: docker容器使用后来运行,就必须要有一个前台进程,docker发现没有应用,就会自动停止
# Nginx,容器启动后,发现自己没有提供服务,就会立刻停止,就是没有程序了

查看日志

docker log -f -t --tail 容器ID
[root@localhost /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
016539f89a1b        centos              "/bin/bash"         2 minutes ago       Up 2 minutes                            ecstatic_tereshkova
[root@localhost /]# docker logs -f -t --tail 5 016539f89a1b
2020-10-19T15:18:06.644323647Z [root@016539f89a1b ~]# cd
2020-10-19T15:18:08.078316135Z [root@016539f89a1b ~]# cd /
2020-10-19T15:18:09.319640646Z [root@016539f89a1b /]# cd/
2020-10-19T15:18:09.319662081Z bash: cd/: No such file or directory
2020-10-19T15:18:10.511815225Z [root@016539f89a1b /]# cd /

# 显示日志
-tf            #显示日志
--tail number  # 显示日志的条数

查看容器中的进程命令

# 命令 docker top 容器id
[root@localhost /]# docker top 016539f89a1b
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                17644               17628               0                   23:17               pts/0               00:00:00            /bin/bash

查看镜像的元数据

# 命令
docker inspect 容器ID

# 测试
[root@localhost /]# docker inspect 016539f89a1b
[
    {
        "Id": "016539f89a1bd18d9efca04009f469a88b8ee46ea12431386e63c7eb6e0c3ec9",
        "Created": "2020-10-19T15:17:55.233092094Z",
        "Path": "/bin/bash",
        "Args": [],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 17644,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2020-10-19T15:17:55.946715347Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:0d120b6ccaa8c5e149176798b3501d4dd1885f961922497cd0abef155c869566",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/016539f89a1bd18d9efca04009f469a88b8ee46ea12431386e63c7eb6e0c3ec9/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/016539f89a1bd18d9efca04009f469a88b8ee46ea12431386e63c7eb6e0c3ec9/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/016539f89a1bd18d9efca04009f469a88b8ee46ea12431386e63c7eb6e0c3ec9/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/016539f89a1bd18d9efca04009f469a88b8ee46ea12431386e63c7eb6e0c3ec9/016539f89a1bd18d9efca04009f469a88b8ee46ea12431386e63c7eb6e0c3ec9-json.log",
        "Name": "/ecstatic_tereshkova",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "devicemapper",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "Capabilities": null,
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "DeviceId": "37",
                "DeviceName": "docker-253:0-134359187-4653453f344d262b3c46fd50109d8bb4dcbabdd8bfeb63a26ea7dc923f138656",
                "DeviceSize": "10737418240"
            },
            "Name": "devicemapper"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "016539f89a1b",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": true,
            "AttachStdout": true,
            "AttachStderr": true,
            "Tty": true,
            "OpenStdin": true,
            "StdinOnce": true,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20200809",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "9b10256f4881019e59d48e7da95a9b83aadf3e500e392adac7d3699f35e368ef",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/9b10256f4881",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "eb16249d25e462d7bc8b7f2131705b01a116d0975ee387d9f6b2fd524fb4c4c2",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "e7d9d4065305282673eb0e0760f63a6f72aec72751b03c4d58b1c0d02a1624c2",
                    "EndpointID": "eb16249d25e462d7bc8b7f2131705b01a116d0975ee387d9f6b2fd524fb4c4c2",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

# 我们容器通常都是使用后台方式运行的,需要进入容器,修改一些配置

# 命令
docker exec -it 容器ID bashshell

# 测试
[root@localhost /]# docker  ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
016539f89a1b        centos              "/bin/bash"         12 minutes ago      Up 12 minutes                           ecstatic_tereshkova
[root@localhost /]# docker exec -it 016539f89a1b bin/bash
[root@016539f89a1b /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

# 方式二
docker attach 容器ID 

# docker exec    # 进入容器后开启一个新的终端,可以在里面操作 (常用)
# docker attach  # 进入容器正在执行的终端,不会启动新的进程

从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

docker cp 容器ID:容器内路径   目的主机路径
# 进入容器内部
[root@localhost home]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
mysql               latest              8e85dd5c3255        6 days ago          544MB
centos              latest              0d120b6ccaa8        2 months ago        215MB
hello-world         latest              bf756fb1ae65        9 months ago        13.3kB
[root@localhost home]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
# 在容器内创建一个文件
[root@393c755a6773 /]# cd /home/
[root@393c755a6773 home]# ls
[root@393c755a6773 home]# touch lcx.txt
[root@393c755a6773 home]# ls 
lcx.txt
[root@393c755a6773 home]# exit
exit
[root@localhost home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
393c755a6773        centos              "/bin/bash"         31 seconds ago      Exited (0) 15 seconds ago                       gallant_gagarin
# 将这个文件拷贝出来到这个主机上
[root@localhost home]# docker cp 393c755a6773:/home/lcx.txt /home
[root@localhost home]# ls
lcx.txt

#拷贝是一个手动过程,未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术,可以实现

作业练习

docker 安装Nginx

# 1.搜索镜像 search 建议去docker搜索,可以看到帮助文档和信息
# 2.下载镜像 pull

commit 镜像

docker commit 提交容器成为一个新的副本
docker commit -m="提交的描述信息" -a="作者" 容器ID 目标镜像名p[:tag]

实战测试

# 启动一个默认的tomcat

# 发现这个磨人的Tomcat是没有webapps应用,镜像的原因,官方的镜像默认 webapps下面是没有文件的

# 自己拷贝进去了基本的文件

# 将我们修改过的容器通过 commit提交为一个镜像


[root@localhost ~]# docker commit -a="lcx" -m="add webapps" e26fd234d529 tomcat05:1.0
sha256:ee915590b91eaca9cb596e915ea0ea2f533dd444951fb8a58a0e3179c24c2ced
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
tomcat05            1.0                 ee915590b91e        10 seconds ago      652MB
mysql               5.7                 2836a03e922f        15 minutes ago      448MB
tomcat              9.0                 891fcd9c5b3a        6 days ago          647MB


Docker提交运行时容器成为镜像

docker commit -a=‘作者’ -m=‘备注’ 运行时容器ID 新镜像名称
例如:

 docker commit  -a='署名' -m='测试'  ID  名称

如何查看容器的占用空间大小?

步骤1:先确认容器文件的默认路径

df -h      

快速获取硬盘被占用了多少空间,目前还剩下多少空间等信息

默认情况下为 /var/lib/docker/containers

步骤2:查看所有容器的大小

du -sh *

[Docker 为运行中容器映射端口]

1、获得容器IP

将container_name 换成实际环境中的容器名

  • docker inspect --format={{'.NetworkSettings.IPAddress'}}  container_name
    

2、 iptable转发端口

将容器的8000端口映射到Docker主机的8001端口

  • iptables -t nat -A  DOCKER -p tcp --dport 8001 -j DNAT --to-destination 172.17.0.19:8000
    

Docker查看容器IP地址

docker inspect --format='{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' 容器名

查看采集容器日志

docker attach --sig-proxy=false 容器ID

如何根据进程pid查看该进程所属的容器

docker ps -q | xargs docker inspect --format '{{.State.Pid}}, {{.Name}}' | grep "PID"
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