MIT-计算机科学中的数学 Lec1-3

课程链接:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1zh41167Uy?from=search&seid=3400639910032477988&spm_id_from=333.337.0.0

Lec-1

Def: A mathematical proof is a verification of a proposition by a chain of logical deductions from a set of axioms

Def: A proposition(命题) is a statement that is either true or false
Ex: 2+3=5

Def: A predicate(谓词) is a proposition whose truth depends on a value of a variable
Ex: the Goldbach’s conjecture(哥德巴赫猜想)
the Riemann hypothesis(黎曼假设)
the Poincare conjecture(庞克类猜想)

Def: implication(隐含): An implication p→q is true if p is false or q is true(当p为假或q是为真,p→q为真)
if and only if (当且仅当)↔ :p→q & q→p
Truth Table(真值表):

pqp→qq→pp↔q
TTTTT
TFFTF
FTTFF
FFTTT

p if and only q is true when they’re both true or both false

​ Examples of something that’s NOT A PROPOSITION:

  • this statement is false
  • a question

Def: axiom(公理): An axiom is a proposition that is assumed to be true
Ex: if a=b and b=c, a=c

​ two guiding principles to axioms:

1. consistent(一致)
2. complete(完整)

Def: a set of axioms is consistent if no proposition can be proved to be both true and false
a set of axioms is complete if it can be used to prove every proposition is either true or false

Lec-2

indirect proof(间接证明):

Proof by Contradiction(反证法):

To proof P is true, we assume P is false (┐P is T),then use that hypothesis to derive a falsehood or contradiction
if ┐P →F is true,P is true.

Ex: Thm: 2 \sqrt{2} 2 is irrational

Pf:(by cont)
Assume for purpose of contradiction that 2 \sqrt{2} 2 is rational
2 \sqrt{2} 2 = a/b (a fraction in lowest terms: a and b have no common divisors)
→ 2= a 2 a^{2} a2/ b 2 b^{2} b2
→ 2* b 2 b^{2} b2= a 2 a^{2} a2
→ a is even(2|a) a是偶数
→ 4| a 2 a^{2} a2
→ 4|2* b 2 b^{2} b2
→ 2| b 2 b^{2} b2
→ b is even
→a/b is not a fraction in lowest terms(contradiction)
2 \sqrt{2} 2 is rational

markdown数学公式

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