课程链接:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1zh41167Uy?from=search&seid=3400639910032477988&spm_id_from=333.337.0.0
Lec-1
Def: A mathematical proof is a verification of a proposition by a chain of logical deductions from a set of axioms
Def: A proposition(命题) is a statement that is either true or false
Ex: 2+3=5
Def: A predicate(谓词) is a proposition whose truth depends on a value of a variable
Ex: the Goldbach’s conjecture(哥德巴赫猜想)
the Riemann hypothesis(黎曼假设)
the Poincare conjecture(庞克类猜想)
Def: implication(隐含): An implication p→q is true if p is false or q is true(当p为假或q是为真,p→q为真)
if and only if (当且仅当)↔ :p→q & q→p
Truth Table(真值表):
p | q | p→q | q→p | p↔q |
---|---|---|---|---|
T | T | T | T | T |
T | F | F | T | F |
F | T | T | F | F |
F | F | T | T | T |
p if and only q is true when they’re both true or both false
Examples of something that’s NOT A PROPOSITION:
- this statement is false
- a question
Def: axiom(公理): An axiom is a proposition that is assumed to be true
Ex: if a=b and b=c, a=c
two guiding principles to axioms:
1. consistent(一致)
2. complete(完整)
Def: a set of axioms is consistent if no proposition can be proved to be both true and false
a set of axioms is complete if it can be used to prove every proposition is either true or false
Lec-2
indirect proof(间接证明):
Proof by Contradiction(反证法):
To proof P is true, we assume P is false (┐P is T),then use that hypothesis to derive a falsehood or contradiction
if ┐P →F is true,P is true.
Ex: Thm: 2 \sqrt{2} 2 is irrational
Pf:(by cont)
Assume for purpose of contradiction that
2
\sqrt{2}
2 is rational
→
2
\sqrt{2}
2 = a/b (a fraction in lowest terms: a and b have no common divisors)
→ 2=
a
2
a^{2}
a2/
b
2
b^{2}
b2
→ 2*
b
2
b^{2}
b2=
a
2
a^{2}
a2
→ a is even(2|a) a是偶数
→ 4|
a
2
a^{2}
a2
→ 4|2*
b
2
b^{2}
b2
→ 2|
b
2
b^{2}
b2
→ b is even
→a/b is not a fraction in lowest terms(contradiction)
→
2
\sqrt{2}
2 is rational