Servlet
Servlet简介:
- Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
- sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果想要开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个步骤:
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中。
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做:Servlet
编写一个Servlet程序:
Servlet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet、GenericServlet
1、编写一个普通类
2、实现Servlet接口,这里直接继承HttpServlet类
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于业务逻辑一样
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
writer.println("Hello Servlet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
3、编写Servlet映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务 器中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给它一个浏览器能够访问的路径。
4、配置Tomcat
5、启动测试,ok!!
Servlet原理
Mapping原理
优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求。
<!-- 404 -->
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用
-
共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到
-
获取初始化参数
-
请求转发
-
读取资源文件
-
1、共享数据
HelloServlet.java
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() //初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() //Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext() //Servlet上下文
ServletContext sc = this.getServletContext();
String username = "刘依珂"; //数据
sc.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字 username,值 username
System.out.println("<h1>HELLO</h1>");
}
}
GetServlet.java
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().println("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
web.xml
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!-- 请求路径 -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
测试访问结果。
2、获取初始化参数
Servletdemo03
public class Servletdemo03 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().println("获取初始化参数:");
resp.getWriter().println(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
web.xml
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.servlet.Servletdemo03</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
3、请求转发
Servletdemo04
public class Servletdemo04 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了Servletdemo04");
//RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //请求转发 路径
//requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
web.xml
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.servlet.Servletdemo04</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/sd4</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
4、读取资源文件
Properties
- 在Java目录下新建properties
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被打包到了统一路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath;
思路:需要一个文件流
aa.properties
username=root
password=asdfghjkl
Servletdemo05
public class Servletdemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().println(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
web.xml
<!-- 注册Servlet -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>sd5</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.servlet.Servletdemo05</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>sd5</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/sd5</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
访问测试即可!!!
HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,和一个代表响应的HttpServletResponse。
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数,找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息,找HttpServletResponse
简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
public ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
public PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
public String getHeader(String name);
public int getStatus();
下载文件
-
向浏览器输出消息
public PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
-
下载文件
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是什么
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓存区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输入到客户端
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//下载文件
//1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "E:\\inspur\\Maven_demo0716\\javaweb-02-Servlet\\Response\\src\\main\\resources\\1.png";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径:" + realPath);
//2. 下载的文件名是什么
String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("//") + 1);
//3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(filename,"utf-8"));
//4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5. 创建缓存区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输入到客户端
while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
验证码验证
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
//设置图片背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器这个请求用图片方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/png");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"png",resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7 - num.length(); i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString() + num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
重定向
一个web资源 B 收到客户端 A 请求后,B 会通知 A 客户端去访问另外一个web资源 C ,这个过程叫做重定向。
常用场景:
-
用户登录
public void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException;
测试:
public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
/**
* resp.setHeader("Location","/r/img");
* resp.setStatus(302);
*/
resp.sendRedirect("/r/img"); //重定向
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
面试题:
请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别???相同点??不同点??
相同点:
- 页面都会跳转
不同点:
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化
- 重定向的时候,url会发生变化
HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息。
LoginServlet.java
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doPost(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//后台接受中文乱码问题
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");
System.out.println("======================================");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
System.out.println("======================================");
//重定向
// resp.sendRedirect("/r/success.jsp");
//转发转发
//这里的“/”代表当前的 web 应用
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
// req.getRequestDispatcher(req.getContextPath()+"/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
}
index.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>登录</h2>
<div>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username" required><br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br>
爱好:
<input name="hobbies" type="checkbox" value="女孩">女孩
<input name="hobbies" type="checkbox" value="唱歌">唱歌
<input name="hobbies" type="checkbox" value="代码">代码
<input name="hobbies" type="checkbox" value="电影">电影
<br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
success.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>login</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录成功</h1>
</body>
</html>
web.xml
<servlet>
<servlet-name>LoginServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.inspur.Servlet.LoginServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>LoginServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
Cookie、Session
**会话:**用户打开一个浏览器,点击了很多超链接,访问多个web资源,关闭浏览器,这个过程称为会话。
有状态会话:
一个网站,怎么证明你来过?
- 服务端给客户端一个信件,客户端下次访问服务端带上信件就可以了;Cookie
- 服务器等级你来过了,下次你来的时候我来匹配你;Session
保存会话的两种技术
cookie
- 客户端技术(响应、请求)
session
- 服务端技术,利用这个技术,可以保存用户的会话信息?我们可以把信息会数据保存在Session中
常见应用:网站登录后,下次不用再登录了。
Cookie
-
从请求中拿到cookie信息
-
服务器响应给客户端cookie
获得cookie
//获得cookie Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies(); //这里返回数组,说明Cookie可能有多个 cookie.getName(); //获得cookie中的key cookie.getValue(); //获得cookie中的value Cookie cookie = new Cookie(); //新建Cookie cookie.maxAge(24*60*60); //设置有效期 resp.addCookie(cookie); //响应给客户端一个cookie
删除Cookie:
- 不设置有效期,关闭浏览器,自动失效;
- 设置cookie有效期为 0 :cookie.maxAge(0);
网络传输中文之编码与解码
//中文数据传递 网络传输中文:使用 UTF-8 编码
URLEncoder.encode("刘依珂","utf-8")
//网络传输中文:使用 UTF-8 解码
URLDecoder.decode(cookie.getValue(),"utf-8")
CookieDemo01.java
public class CookieDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
//保存用户上一次访问的时间
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//服务器,告诉你,你来的时间,把这个时间封装为一个 “信件”,下次带来,就知道是你来了
//解决中文乱码
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
//Cookie,服务端从客户端获取
Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies(); //这里返回数组,说明Cookie可能有多个
//判断Cookie是否存在
if (cookies != null) {
//如果存在怎么办???
out.println("你上一次访问的时间是:");
for (int i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) {
Cookie cookie = cookies[i];
//获取cookie的名字
if (cookie.getName().equals("lastLoginTime")) {
//获取cookie的值
long lastLoginTime = Long.parseLong(cookie.getValue());
Date date = new Date(lastLoginTime);
out.println(date.toLocaleString());
}
}
}else {
out.println("这是你第一次访问本网站。");
}
//服务器给客户端相应一个Cookie
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("lastLoginTime",System.currentTimeMillis()+"");
resp.addCookie(cookie);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Session(重点)
什么是Session??
- 服务器会给每个用户(浏览器)创建一个Session对象;
- 一个Session独占一个浏览器,只要浏览器没有关闭,这个Session就存在;
- 用户登录之后,整个网站都可以访问它;—>保存用户信息—>保存购物车信息
Session和Cookie的区别:
- Cookie是把用户的数据写给浏览器,浏览器保存
- Session把用户的数据写到用户独占Session中,服务器端保存(保存重要信息,减少服务器资源浪费)
- Session对象由服务器创建
使用场景:
- 保存一个登录用户信息
- 购物车信息
- 在整个网站中,经常会使用的数据,我们将把他保存在Session中
Sessiondemo.java
SessionDemo01.java
public class SessionDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
//创建Session,并存入信息
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//解决乱码问题
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
//得到Session
HttpSession session = req.getSession();
//在Session中存东西
session.setAttribute("name",new Person("刘依珂",21));
//获取Session的id
String id = session.getId();
//判断Session是不是新创建的
if (session.isNew()) {
resp.getWriter().write("session创建成功,ID:"+id);
}else {
resp.getWriter().write("session已经存在,ID:"+id);
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
SessionDemo02.java
public class SessionDemo02 extends HttpServlet {
//取Session信息
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//解决乱码问题
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
//得到Session
HttpSession session = req.getSession();
//在Session中存东西
Person person = (Person) session.getAttribute("name");
System.out.println(person.toString());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
SessionDemo03.java
public class SessionDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
//注销 Session
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//手动注销Session
HttpSession session = req.getSession();
session.removeAttribute("name");
session.invalidate();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
实体类Person(SessionDemo01存信息)
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
设置Session自动失效时间(web.xml配置)
<!-- 设置Session默认的失效时间 -->
<session-config>
<!-- 1分钟后Session自动失效,以分钟为单位 -->
<session-timeout>1</session-timeout>
</session-config>