Servlet基础知识

ChenJieYaYa

已于 2022-05-19 08:41:32 修改

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分类专栏： JavaWeb 文章标签： java 开发语言后端

于 2021-12-30 08:49:22 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_51699336/article/details/122154772

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概述

处理客户端请求并做出响应
servlet是开发动态web的技术
servlet跑在tomcat容器中

输出内容到网页

1.学习

HelloWorld
web.xml

2.仿照实践

/**
 * 接收一个请求
 * http://localhost:83/helloweb/hello.action
 */
//@WebServlet相当于上图的web.xml配置，此处使用注解方案，不使用xml方案
@WebServlet("/hello.action")//通知tomcat，要访问这个Java类必须使用hello.action
//支持通配符*，但用了通配符就不能使用/
public class Hello extends HttpServlet {//继承HttpServlet(满足J2E规范)
    @Override//重写方法，处理get请求
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    	//服务器的HttpServletRequest请求  --  HttpServletResponse响应
    	
        //利用输出流输出数据给客户端
        resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");//设置响应信息(回送数据)的编码格式
        
        PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();//响应输出流
        out.println("<html>");
        out.println("<head><meta charset='utf-8'><title>第一个</title></head>");//设置浏览器渲染页面时的编码
        out.println("<body>");
        out.println("<p style='color:red'>你好</p>");
        out.println("</body>");
        out.println("</html>");
    }
}

乱码问题解决：
	1.开发者工具查出错，则服务器端乱码(响应信息，回送的数据乱码)
		resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
	2.开发者工具查无错，则服务器端是好的，但是界面乱码(服务器渲染时的乱码)
		<meta charset='utf-8'>

3.底层

在这里插入图片描述

生命周期

1.特点

servlet只实例化一次(单例)，即项目重新启动时才会重新实例化
单例会使全局变量的值不确定，线程不安全，应避免声明全局变量

每次请求的实例都是同一个，可以随时改变属性

2.调用

调用顺序

第一次请求：构造块1 -> 构造函数2 -> init()3 -> service()4[方法体中使用super.service()5判断请求方法get/post] -> doGet()/doPost()6
第二次请求：service() -> doGet()/doPost()

关闭容器时调用销毁方法destroy

调用流程

3.测试

@WebServlet("/Life.action")
public class LifeServlet extends HttpServlet {
    {
        System.out.println("1.构造代码块(实力块)");
    }

    public LifeServlet(){
        System.out.println("2.构造方法");
    }

    @Override
    public void init() throws ServletException {
        System.out.println("3.初始化init()");
    }

    @Override
    protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("4.service()");
        super.service(req, resp);//5.判断请求方法是post还是get
        //get--->doGet
        //post-->doPost
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("6.doGet");
    }

    @Override
    public void destroy() {
        //关闭容器时调用销毁方法destroy
        System.out.println("7.servlet销毁");
        super.destroy();
    }
}

ServletContext(上下文)

1.概述

web容器启动时，为每个web程序创建ServletContext，代表当前web应用

web应用相当于IDEA中的模块，为每个模块分配tomcat服务器
而servlet相当于是继承HttpServlet的子类

2.共享

ServletContext被每个servlet共享

//设置
@WebServlet("/setParam")
public class TestSet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        User user = new User(1,"user_1");

        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        context.setAttribute("user",user);
        System.out.println("设置成功");
    }
}
//获取
@WebServlet("/getParam")
public class TestGet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        User user = (User) context.getAttribute("user");
        System.out.println("获取成功");
    }
}

3.初始化参数

局部参数(争对一个servlet)
全局参数

4.请求转发

@WebServlet("/dispatcher")
public class RequestDispatcherTest extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        RequestDispatcher dispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/getParam");//请求转发路径
        dispatcher.forward(req,resp);//实现请求转发
    }
}

请求转发与重定向的区别

HttpServletResponse

1.输出消息到浏览器

resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
out.println("xxxxx");

2.下载文件

/**
 * 下载文件,将本地的文件响应给浏览器，在浏览器中下载
 */
@WebServlet("/downFile")
public class DownFile extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.文件下载路径——本地文件路径
        String path = "E:/IdeaProjects/web/webstudy/src/com/yc/web/servlets/T3_HttpServletResponse/7.jpg";
        //2.文件名——浏览器下载的文件名
        String filename = path.substring(path.lastIndexOf("/")+1);
        //3.获取文件流
        FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(path);
        //4.设置缓冲区
        byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
        //5.设置响应头，使浏览器支持文件响应
        resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(filename,"UTF-8"));
            //不用记，使用时去查对应的头
            //URLEncoder.encode设置编码，防止中文乱码
        //6.获取响应流
        OutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
        //7.发送响应
        int len = 0;
        while ((len=fin.read(bytes))>0){
            out.write(bytes,0,len);
        }
        fin.close();
        out.close();
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

3.验证码

/**
 * 最原始的方式生成验证码
 */
@WebServlet("/yzm")
public class YZM extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //响应三秒刷新一次
        resp.setHeader("refresh","3");

        //以下是最原始的生成验证码的方式
        //1.在内存中创建图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //2.得到2D图片
        Graphics2D graphics2D = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();//笔
        //3.设置背景颜色
        graphics2D.setColor(Color.WHITE);//设置笔颜色
        graphics2D.fillRect(0,0,80,20);//设置填充大小
        //4.给图片写数据，设置字体颜色
        graphics2D.setColor(Color.BLUE);
        graphics2D.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
        graphics2D.drawString(getNum(),0,20);

        //设置响应类型
        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-catch");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-catch");

        //将图片写给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream());
    }

    public String getNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999)+"";
        //填充0，保证是7位数
        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i=0;i<7-num.length();i++){
            buffer.append("0");
        }
        return buffer.toString()+num;
    }
}

4.重定向

@WebServlet("/redirect")
public class Redirect extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        /*底层
        resp.setHeader("Location","/helloWeb/yzm");
        resp.setStatus(302);*/
        resp.sendRedirect("/helloWeb/yzm");
    }
}

HttpServletRequest

1.获取请求参数

在这里插入图片描述

2.请求转发

在这里插入图片描述

实现B+S+DB操作

1.需求

浏览器：在输入框中输入数据，带着参数发送请求到服务器
服务器：接收浏览器发送的请求，进行一些处理后，回送响应结果给服务器

2.浏览器端HTML

关键action**

<form action="reg.action" method="post">
   	用户名：<input type="text" name="uname" value="张三" /><br />
    密码：<input type="password" name="pwd" value="abc" /><br />
    <input type="submit" value="登录" />
</form>

3.服务器端Servlet

@WebServlet("/reg.action")//通知tomcat，连接浏览器端
public class RegServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
        //当请求为post时，定位到get统一处理
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    	//解决参数编码问题
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        //接收参数，与标签中的name值对应
        String uname = request.getParameter("uname");
        String pwd = request.getParameter("pwd");
        System.out.println(uname+"  "+pwd);

		//连接数据库进行处理
        try {
            Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
        }catch (Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
        int result=-1;
        try ( Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:orcl","scott","a");
              PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("insert  into yc108 values(seq_yc108.nextval,?,?)");
        ){//新写法，会自动关闭
            pstmt.setString(1,uname);
            pstmt.setString(2,pwd);
            result = pstmt.executeUpdate();
        }catch (Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
		
		//解决回送信息乱码问题
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        
        if(result ==1){
            out.println("添加"+uname+"成功");
        }else if(result ==0){
            out.println("添加"+uname+"失败");
        }else{
            out.println("系统异常，添加失败");
        }
        out.close();
    }
}

Cookie与Session

1.理解Cookie与Session的关系

学校如何确定我有没有交学费呢？
学校给我开发票(Cookie)
学校登记我的信息(Session)

2.Cookie(小饼干)

服务器给客户端的信件，客户端下次访问服务器带上信件(Cookie)就好
客户端技术
cookie一般保存在本地用户目录下appdata
一个cookie只能保存一个信息
一个web站点可以给浏览器发送多个cookie，最多存放20个cookie，多的没有作用
cookie有大小限制4kb
300个cookie是浏览器上限
设置cookie，保留最后一次访问的时间

@WebServlet("/lastLoginTime")
public class LastLoginTime extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //设置编码
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");

        PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

        //获取所有的Cookie(可能这个信件不止一个)
        Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();

        if(cookies==null){
            out.println("第一次访问");
        }else{
            for (Cookie cookie:cookies){
                if (cookie.getName().equals("lastLoginTime")){
                    out.print("上次访问的时间：");
                    long time = Long.parseLong(cookie.getValue());
                    out.print(new Date(time).toLocaleString());
                }
            }
        }

        //重新设置时间，阅读源码发现Cookie的key与value都只能是字符串，局限性比较强
        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("lastLoginTime",System.currentTimeMillis()+"");
        //设置cookie有效期，这样在有效期没即使关闭浏览器也会保留cookie，否则不会保留
        cookie.setMaxAge(24*60*60);
        resp.addCookie(cookie);
    }
}

删除cookie

1.不设置有效期，关闭客户端就会删除cookie
2.设置有效期为0，响应到浏览器立马过期

3.Session(会话)

服务器登记访问的用户信息，下此服务器匹配用户(浏览器)
会话是此次打开浏览器-操作-关闭浏览器的完整过程
服务端技术
基本操作(看源码学习)

@WebServlet("/helloSession")
public class HelloSession extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //设置编码
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setContentType("text/html;character=utf-8");

        //获取session
        HttpSession session = req.getSession();
        //创建session，可以存对象
        session.setAttribute("name","zhangsan");
        //得到sessionId
        String sessionId = session.getId();
        //判断是不是第一次创建的session
        if (session.isNew()){
            resp.getWriter().write("新session:"+sessionId);
        }else{
            resp.getWriter().write("旧session:"+sessionId);
        }

        //注销session
        session.invalidate();
        //设置自动失效时间
        session.setMaxInactiveInterval(1);
    }
}

应用

1.保存用户登录信息
2.保存购物车信息
3.保存网站中经常使用的数据

ServletContext与Session区别

4.一个网站怎么证明你来过？

Cookie
Session

ServletContext

5.应用

显示本机ID+在线ID

private void number(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response){
   JsonModel jsonModel = new JsonModel();
   int userid = 0;
   String ip = getIpAddress(request);
   String addr = "";

   //获取session：客户端与服务器多次请求和响应的共享空间
   HttpSession session = request.getSession();

   if(session.getAttribute("userid")==null){
       //如果id为空，则给一个随机数作为id
       userid = new Random().nextInt(1000);
       session.setAttribute("userid",userid);

       //获取application存这个用户编号====所有访问的用户编号
       ServletContext application = request.getSession().getServletContext();
       Map<String,Object> onlineuserMap = new HashMap<String,Object>();
       List<Map<String,Object>> onlineuserList = null;
       if(application.getAttribute("onlineuserList")==null){
           onlineuserList = new ArrayList<Map<String,Object>>();
           application.setAttribute("onlineuserList",onlineuserList);
       }
       onlineuserMap.put("userid",userid);//添加在线人数
       onlineuserMap.put("ip",ip);//添加IP
       onlineuserList = (List<Map<String, Object>>) application.getAttribute("onlineuserList");
       onlineuserList.add(onlineuserMap);
   }
   userid = Integer.parseInt(session.getAttribute("userid").toString());

   try {
       jsonModel.setCode(1);
       jsonModel.setData(userid);
       super.writeJson(jsonModel,response);
   } catch (IOException e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
       jsonModel.setCode(0);
       jsonModel.setMsg(e.getMessage());
   }
}

本ID退出

private void quit(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response){
    HttpSession session = request.getSession();

    int id = Integer.parseInt(session.getAttribute("userid").toString());

    //取出在线用户列表
    ServletContext application = request.getServletContext();
    List<Map<String,Object>> onlineuserList = (List<Map<String, Object>>) application.getAttribute("onlineuserList");

    //在线用户列表中移出退出的id
    for (int i=0;i<onlineuserList.size();i++){
    	if(Integer.parseInt(onlineuserList.get(i).get("userid").toString())==id){
            onlineuserList.remove(i);
            break;
        }
    }

    //清空session
    //session.invalidate();//所有的键值对都被清除
    session.removeAttribute("userid");//只清除对应的键

    JsonModel jsonModel = new JsonModel();
    jsonModel.setCode(1);
    try {
        super.writeJson(jsonModel,response);
    } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

保存聊天记录

private void sendMessage(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response){
  //取出在线用户列表
   ServletContext application = request.getServletContext();
   HttpSession session = request.getSession();

   //取出用户id
   int userid = Integer.parseInt(session.getAttribute("userid").toString());

   //取出该id说的话
   String message = request.getParameter("message");

   //获取现在的时间
   Date date = new Date();
   SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
   String time = simpleDateFormat.format(date);

   //历史聊天记录
   List<String> messageList = null;
   if (application.getAttribute("messageList")==null){
       messageList = new ArrayList<String>();
       application.setAttribute("messageList",messageList);
   }
   messageList = (List<String>) application.getAttribute("messageList");

   //拼接样式信息
   StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
   stringBuffer.append(userid+"说：<br />");
   stringBuffer.append(message+"<br />");
   stringBuffer.append("<div style='text-align:right'>"+time+"</div>");

   messageList.add(stringBuffer.toString());

   JsonModel jsonModel = new JsonModel();
   jsonModel.setCode(1);
   jsonModel.setData(messageList);
   try {
       super.writeJson(jsonModel,response);//json只有数组和对象，而list没有键，所以以数组形式保存
   } catch (IOException e) {
       e.printStackTrace();
   }
}

Filter

1.架构

在这里插入图片描述

2.使用

导包不要错
使用(重点都在注解)

/**
 * 故意让这个乱码，测试过滤层CharacterEncodingFilter
 */
@WebServlet(value = {"/showServlet","/filter/showServlet"})
public class ShowServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //resp.setContentType("text/html;character=utf-8");

        //以上的方法设置编码需要每个地方都设置一次，不想麻烦就直接在过滤器中一次性设置好
        resp.getWriter().write("你好世界！");//中文乱码
    }
}

@WebFilter("/filter/*")//filter的任何请求走过这个过滤器
public class CharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter {
    @Override//web服务器启动时，过滤器同时初始化
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
        System.out.println("CharacterEncodingFilter初始化");
    }

    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        servletRequest.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        servletResponse.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        servletResponse.setContentType("text/html;character=utf-8");

        System.out.println("CharacterEncodingFilter过滤前");
        //必须要有这个链式调用，通知后面，否则程序在此处被拦截停止
        filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest,servletResponse);
        System.out.println("CharacterEncodingFilter过滤后");
    }

    @Override//web服务器关闭时销毁
    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("CharacterEncodingFilter销毁");
    }
}

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Servlet基础知识

Servlet生命周期package com.yc.web.servlets;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse
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