Leetcode刷题详解——解数独

1. 题目链接：37. 解数独

2. 题目描述：

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。

数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）

数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

示例 1：

输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
输出：[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]
解释：输入的数独如上图所示，唯一有效的解决方案如下所示：

提示：

• board.length == 9
• board[i].length == 9
• board[i][j] 是一位数字或者 '.'
• 题目数据 保证 输入数独仅有一个解

3. 解法：

3.1 算法思路：

为了存储每个位置的元素，我们需要定义一个二维数组。首先，我们记录所有已知的数据，然后遍历所有需要处理的位置，并遍历数字1~9。为了每个位置，我们检查该数字是否已经存放在该位置，同时检查行、列和九宫格是否唯一。

我们可以用一个二维数组来记录每个数字在每一行中是否出现，一个二维数组记录每个数字在每一列中是否出现。对于九宫格，我们可以以行和列除以3得到的商作为九宫格的坐标，并使用一个三维数组来记录每个数字在每一个九宫格中是否出现。在检查是否存在冲突时，只需检查行、列和九宫格里对应的数字是否已被标记。如果数字至少有一个位置（行、列、九宫格）被标记，则存在冲突，因此不能在该位置放置当前数字。

特别地，在本题中，我们需要直接修改给出的数组，因此在找到一种可行的方法时，应该停止递归，以防正确的方法被覆盖。

3.2 初始化定义：

1. 定义行、列、九宫格标记数组已经找到可行方法的标记变量，将它们初始化为false
2. 定义一个数组来存储每个需要处理的位置
3. 将题目给出的所有元素的行、列以及九宫格坐标标记为true
4. 将所有需要处理的位置存入数组

3.3 递归流程：

1. 结束条件：已经处理完所有需要处理的元素。如果找到了可行的解决方案，则将标记变量更新为true并返回
2. 获取当前需要处理的元素的行列值
3. 遍历1~9。如果当前数字可以填入当前位置，并且标记变量未被赋值为true，则将当前位置的行、列以及九宫格标记为true，将当前数字赋值给board数组中的相应位置元素，然后对下一个位置进行递归。
4. 递归结束时，撤回标记。

3.4 C++算法代码：

class Solution {
    bool row[9][10], col[9][10], gird[3][3][10];
public:
    // 解决数独问题的主函数
    void solveSudoku(vector<vector<char>>& board) 
    {
        // 初始化行、列和宫格的标记数组
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] != '.') {
                    int num = board[i][j] - '0';
                    row[i][num] = col[j][num] = gird[i / 3][j / 3][num] = true;
                }
            }
        }
        // 调用深度优先搜索函数进行数独求解
        dfs(board);
    }

    // 深度优先搜索函数
    bool dfs(vector<vector<char>>& board)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                    for (int num = 1; num <= 9; num++) {
                        if (!row[i][num] && !col[j][num] && !gird[i / 3][j / 3][num]) {
                            // 将数字填入空格中，并更新行、列和宫格的标记数组
                            board[i][j] = '0' + num;
                            row[i][num] = col[j][num] = gird[i / 3][j / 3][num] = true;

                            // 递归调用深度优先搜索函数，继续填充下一个空格
                            if (dfs(board) == true) return true;
                            // 如果填充失败，回溯到上一个空格，清空该空格，并更新行、列和宫格的标记数组
                            board[i][j] = '.';
                            row[i][num] = col[j][num] = gird[i / 3][j / 3][num] = false;
                        }
                    }
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        return true; // 所有空格都已被正确填充，数独问题解决
    }
};