目录
1.宽度学习(Broad Learning System)
对宽度学习的理解可见于这篇博客宽度学习（Broad Learning System）_颹蕭蕭的博客-CSDN博客_宽度学习
这里不再做详细解释
2.MNIST数据集
mnist数据集官网（下载地址）：MNIST handwritten digit database, Yann LeCun, Corinna Cortes and Chris Burges
MNIST数据集有称手写体数据集，其中中训练集一共包含了 60,000 张图像和标签，而测试集一共包含了 10,000 张图像和标签。测试集中前5000个来自最初NIST项目的训练集.，后5000个来自最初NIST项目的测试集。前5000个比后5000个要规整，这是因为前5000个数据来自于美国人口普查局的员工，而后5000个来自于大学生。
MNIST数据集自1998年起，被广泛地应用于机器学习和深度学习领域，用来测试算法的效果，相当于该领域的"hello world!"
3.复刻MNIST数据集的预处理及训练过程
原bls代码下载地址：Broad Learning System
下载后，我先用原代码中带的数据和代码进行训练，运行结果如下：
1.不含增量的bls代码：
2.含有增量的bls代码：
可以看到bls训练模型的时间非常短并且精确度达到0.93以上
然后我们回过头来看它用的训练集和测试集，它共输入三个csv文件，分别为test.csv，train.csv，sample_submission.csv
其中格式为：
这就是我们处理完MNIST数据之后需要bls代码中训练的数据，统计得到以下信息
| 数据集 | 数据总数 |
| test.csv(测试集) | 28000张 |
| train.csv(训练集) | 42000张 |
其中sample_submission.csv是提交样例，它最后会用来保存训练出的模型对测试集打的标签为csv文件。
那么得到这些信息我们就可以开始处理我们的mnist数据集了，在官网下载完数据集后我们得到了四个文件：
这个时候如果你是初学者，你就会奇怪明明是图像数据为什么下载完会是这四个东西？
这是因为为了方便使用，官方已经将70000张图片处理之后存入了这四个二进制文件中，因此我们要对这四个文件进行解析才能看到原本的图片。
此处用到struct包进行解析，详情见于Mnist数据集简介_查里王的博客-CSDN博客_mnist数据集
解析代码：
import os
import struct
import numpy as np
# 读取标签数据集
with open('../data/train-labels.idx1-ubyte', 'rb') as lbpath:
labels_magic, labels_num = struct.unpack('>II', lbpath.read(8))
labels = np.fromfile(lbpath, dtype=np.uint8)
# 读取图片数据集
with open('../data/train-images.idx3-ubyte', 'rb') as imgpath:
images_magic, images_num, rows, cols = struct.unpack('>IIII', imgpath.read(16))
images = np.fromfile(imgpath, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(images_num, rows * cols)
# 打印数据信息
print('labels_magic is {} \n'.format(labels_magic),
'labels_num is {} \n'.format(labels_num),
'labels is {} \n'.format(labels))
print('images_magic is {} \n'.format(images_magic),
'images_num is {} \n'.format(images_num),
'rows is {} \n'.format(rows),
'cols is {} \n'.format(cols),
'images is {} \n'.format(images))
# 测试取出一张图片和对应标签
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
choose_num = 1 # 指定一个编号，你可以修改这里
label = labels[choose_num]
image = images[choose_num].reshape(28, 28)
plt.imshow(image)
plt.title('the label is : {}'.format(label))
plt.show()运行结果：
但是这并不是我们要的东西，我们需要的是将二进制文件解析后存入csv文件中用于训练。
在观察了原代码中所用的csv文件的格式以及bls代码中读取数据的方式后，我发现需要再存入之前对数据添加一个index，其中包括"label"和"pixel0~pixel784"，其中pixel是一维数组的元素编码，由于mnist数据集是28*28的图片，所以，转为一维数组后一共有784个元素。
知道这个原理后，编写代码如下：
import csv
def pixel(p_array, outf):
with open(outf, "w",newline='') as csvfile:
writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
# 先写入columns_name
writer.writerow(p_array)
def convert(imgf, labelf, outf, n):
f = open(imgf, "rb")
o = open(outf, "a")
l = open(labelf, "rb")
f.read(16)
l.read(8)
images = []
for i in range(n):
image = [ord(l.read(1))]
for j in range(28*28):
image.append(ord(f.read(1)))
images.append(image)
for image in images:
o.write(",".join(str(pix) for pix in image)+"\n")
f.close()
o.close()
l.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
p_array = []
for j in range(0, 785):
if j == 0 :
b1 = "label"
p_array.append(b1)
else:
b1 = 'pixel' + str(j - 1)
p_array.append(b1)
pixel(p_array,"../data/mnist_train.csv")
pixel(p_array,"../data/mnist_test.csv")
convert("../data/train-images.idx3-ubyte", "../data/train-labels.idx1-ubyte",
"../data/mnist_train2.csv", 42000)
convert("../data/t10k-images.idx3-ubyte", "../data/t10k-labels.idx1-ubyte",
"../data/mnist_test2.csv", 28000)
print("success!")代码运行结果;
得到经过二进制文件解析以及格式处理后的数据：
现在训练集文件格式与源代码格式一样了，但是，既然是复刻那么我们还有一个问题没有解决——数据总数不一样，根据源代码中信息，训练集有42000张，测试集28000张，但是我们的训练集有60000张，测试集有10000张，所以我们需要稍微处理一下我们数量，其实这个很简单，只要将训练集中的数据匀18000张给测试集就可以了，另外测试集中标签一行需要删除，因为测试集好比高考试卷，标签相当于答案，没有人会把高考答案告诉你然后让你考对不对。这个过程可以用python代码实现，只要加入一点点功能，编写功能代码如下:
(记得删除测试集中的标签)
import csv
def test_add(train_imgf,train_labelf,outf):
f = open(train_imgf, "rb")
o = open(outf, "a")
l = open(train_labelf, "rb")
f.read(16)
l.read(8)
images = []
for i in range(42001, 60001):
image = [ord(l.read(1))]
for j in range(28 * 28):
image.append(ord(f.read(1)))
images.append(image)
for image in images:
o.write(",".join(str(pix) for pix in image) + "\n")
f.close()
o.close()
l.close()
def pixel(p_array, outf):
with open(outf, "w",newline='') as csvfile:
writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
# 先写入columns_name
writer.writerow(p_array)
def convert(imgf, labelf, outf, n):
f = open(imgf, "rb")
o = open(outf, "a")
l = open(labelf, "rb")
f.read(16)
l.read(8)
images = []
for i in range(n):
image = [ord(l.read(1))]
for j in range(28*28):
image.append(ord(f.read(1)))
images.append(image)
for image in images:
o.write(",".join(str(pix) for pix in image)+"\n")
f.close()
o.close()
l.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
p_array = []
for j in range(0, 785):
if j == 0 :
b1 = "label"
p_array.append(b1)
else:
b1 = 'pixel' + str(j - 1)
p_array.append(b1)
pixel(p_array,"../data/mnist_train2.csv")
pixel(p_array,"../data/mnist_test2.csv")
convert("../data/train-images.idx3-ubyte", "../data/train-labels.idx1-ubyte",
"../data/mnist_train2.csv", 42000)
convert("../data/t10k-images.idx3-ubyte", "../data/t10k-labels.idx1-ubyte",
"../data/mnist_test2.csv", 10000)
test_add("../data/train-images.idx3-ubyte", "../data/train-labels.idx1-ubyte", "../data/mnist_test2.csv")
print("success!")处理后，与提交案例一起加入bls训练，可以得到：
可以看到这与之前原始数据训练的结果几乎相同
4.补充（bls增量代码）
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import datetime
from sklearn import preprocessing # 用来转化为独热编码
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from scipy import linalg as LA # 用来求正交基
import joblib
# 在第一次求权重时，并未使用岭回归，还是直接求了伪逆，对于小型数据集这种方法足够了
def show_accuracy(predictLabel, Label):
Label = np.ravel(Label).tolist()
predictLabel = predictLabel.tolist()
count = 0
for i in range(len(Label)):
if Label[i] == predictLabel[i]:
count += 1
return (round(count / len(Label), 5))
class node_generator(object):
def __init__(self, isenhance=False):
self.Wlist = []
self.blist = []
self.function_num = 0
self.isenhance = isenhance
def sigmoid(self, x):
return 1.0 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
def relu(self, x):
return np.maximum(x, 0)
def tanh(self, x):
return (np.exp(x) - np.exp(-x)) / (np.exp(x) + np.exp(-x))
def linear(self, x):
return x
def generator(self, shape, times):
# times是多少组mapping nodes
for i in range(times):
W = 2 * np.random.random(size=shape) - 1
if self.isenhance == True:
W = LA.orth(W) # 求正交基，只在增强层使用。也就是原始输入X变成mapping nodes的W和mapping nodes变成enhancement nodes的W要正交
b = 2 * np.random.random() - 1
yield (W, b)
def generator_nodes(self, data, times, batchsize, function_num):
# 按照bls的理论，mapping layer是输入乘以不同的权重加上不同的偏差之后得到的
# 若干组，所以，权重是一个列表，每一个元素可作为权重与输入相乘
self.Wlist = [elem[0] for elem in self.generator((data.shape[1], batchsize), times)]
self.blist = [elem[1] for elem in self.generator((data.shape[1], batchsize), times)]
self.function_num = {'linear': self.linear,
'sigmoid': self.sigmoid,
'tanh': self.tanh,
'relu': self.relu}[function_num] # 激活函数供不同的层选择
# 下面就是先得到一组mapping nodes，再不断叠加，得到len(Wlist)组mapping nodes
nodes = self.function_num(data.dot(self.Wlist[0]) + self.blist[0])
for i in range(1, len(self.Wlist)):
nodes = np.column_stack((nodes, self.function_num(data.dot(self.Wlist[i]) + self.blist[i])))
return nodes
def transform(self, testdata):
testnodes = self.function_num(testdata.dot(self.Wlist[0]) + self.blist[0])
for i in range(1, len(self.Wlist)):
testnodes = np.column_stack((testnodes, self.function_num(testdata.dot(self.Wlist[i]) + self.blist[i])))
return testnodes
def update(self, otherW, otherb):
# 权重更新
self.Wlist += otherW
self.blist += otherb
class scaler:
def __init__(self):
self._mean = 0
self._std = 0
def fit_transform(self, traindata):
self._mean = traindata.mean(axis=0)
self._std = traindata.std(axis=0)
return (traindata - self._mean) / (self._std + 0.001)
def transform(self, testdata):
return (testdata - self._mean) / (self._std + 0.001)
class broadNet(object):
def __init__(self, map_num=10, enhance_num=10, DESIRED_ACC=0.99, EPOCH=10, STEP=1, map_function='linear',
enhance_function='linear', batchsize='auto'):
self.map_num = map_num # 多少组mapping nodes
self.enhance_num = enhance_num # 多少组engance nodes
self.batchsize = batchsize
self.map_function = map_function
self.enhance_function = enhance_function
self.DESIRED_ACC = DESIRED_ACC
self.EPOCH = EPOCH
self.STEP = STEP
self.W = 0
self.pseudoinverse = 0
self.normalscaler = scaler()
self.onehotencoder = preprocessing.OneHotEncoder(sparse=False)
self.mapping_generator = node_generator()
self.enhance_generator = node_generator(isenhance=True)
def fit(self, data, label):
if self.batchsize == 'auto':
self.batchsize = data.shape[1]
data = self.normalscaler.fit_transform(data)
label = self.onehotencoder.fit_transform(np.mat(label).T)
mappingdata = self.mapping_generator.generator_nodes(data, self.map_num, self.batchsize, self.map_function)
enhancedata = self.enhance_generator.generator_nodes(mappingdata, self.enhance_num, self.batchsize,
self.enhance_function)
print('number of mapping nodes {0}, number of enhence nodes {1}'.format(mappingdata.shape[1],
enhancedata.shape[1]))
print('mapping nodes maxvalue {0} minvalue {1} '.format(round(np.max(mappingdata), 5),
round(np.min(mappingdata), 5)))
print('enhence nodes maxvalue {0} minvalue {1} '.format(round(np.max(enhancedata), 5),
round(np.min(enhancedata), 5)))
inputdata = np.column_stack((mappingdata, enhancedata))
print('input shape ', inputdata.shape)
# 求伪逆
self.pseudoinverse = np.linalg.pinv(inputdata)
# 新的输入到输出的权重
print('pseudoinverse shape:', self.pseudoinverse.shape)
self.W = self.pseudoinverse.dot(label)
# 查看当前的准确率
Y = self.predict(data)
accuracy = self.accuracy(Y, label)
print("inital setting, number of mapping nodes {0}, number of enhence nodes {1}, accuracy {2}".format(
mappingdata.shape[1], enhancedata.shape[1], round(accuracy, 5)))
# 如果准确率达不到要求并且训练次数小于设定次数，重复添加enhance_nodes
epoch_now = 0
while accuracy < self.DESIRED_ACC and epoch_now < self.EPOCH:
Y = self.addingenhance_predict(data, label, self.STEP, self.batchsize)
accuracy = self.accuracy(Y, label)
epoch_now += 1
print("enhencing {3}, number of mapping nodes {0}, number of enhence nodes {1}, accuracy {2}".format(
len(self.mapping_generator.Wlist) * self.batchsize,
len(self.enhance_generator.Wlist) * self.batchsize,
round(accuracy, 5),
epoch_now))
def decode(self, Y_onehot):
Y = []
for i in range(Y_onehot.shape[0]):
lis = np.ravel(Y_onehot[i, :]).tolist()
Y.append(lis.index(max(lis)))
return np.array(Y)
def accuracy(self, predictlabel, label):
# print('predictlabel shape', predictlabel.shape)bbb
# print('label shape:', label.shape)
labels = []
for i in range(len(label)):
labels.append(np.argmax(label[i]))
labels = np.ravel(labels).tolist()
predictlabel = predictlabel.tolist()
count = 0
for i in range(len(labels)):
if labels[i] == predictlabel[i]:
count += 1
return (round(count / len(labels), 5))
def predict(self, testdata):
# print(self.W.shape)
testdata = self.normalscaler.transform(testdata)
test_inputdata = self.transform(testdata)
return self.decode(test_inputdata.dot(self.W))
def transform(self, data):
mappingdata = self.mapping_generator.transform(data)
enhancedata = self.enhance_generator.transform(mappingdata)
return np.column_stack((mappingdata, enhancedata))
def addingenhance_nodes(self, data, label, step=1, batchsize='auto'):
if batchsize == 'auto':
batchsize = data.shape[1]
mappingdata = self.mapping_generator.transform(data)
inputdata = self.transform(data)
localenhance_generator = node_generator()
extraenhance_nodes = localenhance_generator.generator_nodes(mappingdata, step, batchsize, self.enhance_function)
D = self.pseudoinverse.dot(extraenhance_nodes)
C = extraenhance_nodes - inputdata.dot(D)
BT = np.linalg.pinv(C) if (C == 0).any() else np.mat((D.T.dot(D) + np.eye(D.shape[1]))).I.dot(D.T).dot(
self.pseudoinverse)
self.W = np.row_stack((self.W - D.dot(BT).dot(label), BT.dot(label)))
self.enhance_generator.update(localenhance_generator.Wlist, localenhance_generator.blist)
self.pseudoinverse = np.row_stack((self.pseudoinverse - D.dot(BT), BT))
def addingenhance_predict(self, data, label, step=1, batchsize='auto'):
self.addingenhance_nodes(data, label, step, batchsize)
test_inputdata = self.transform(data)
return self.decode(test_inputdata.dot(self.W))
if __name__ == '__main__':
# load the data
train_data = pd.read_csv('../train.csv')
test_data = pd.read_csv('../test.csv')
samples_data = pd.read_csv('../sample_submission.csv')
label = train_data['label'].values
data = train_data.drop('label', axis=1)
data = data.values
print(data.shape, max(label) + 1)
traindata, valdata, trainlabel, vallabel = train_test_split(data, label, test_size=0.2, random_state=0)
print(traindata.shape, trainlabel.shape, valdata.shape, vallabel.shape)
bls = broadNet(map_num=20, # 初始时多少组mapping nodes
enhance_num=20, # 初始时多少enhancement nodes
EPOCH=20, # 训练多少轮
map_function='sigmoid',
enhance_function='sigmoid',
batchsize=200, # 每一组的神经元个数
DESIRED_ACC=0.95, # 期望达到的准确率
STEP=10 # 一次增加多少组enhancement nodes
)
starttime = datetime.datetime.now()
bls.fit(traindata, trainlabel)
endtime = datetime.datetime.now()
joblib.dump(bls, "model_allin.pkl")
print('the training time of BLS is {0} seconds'.format((endtime - starttime).total_seconds()))
predictlabel = bls.predict(valdata)
print(show_accuracy(predictlabel, vallabel))
predicts = bls.predict(test_data)
# save as csv file
samples = samples_data['ImageId']
result = {'ImageId': samples,
'Label': predicts}
result = pd.DataFrame(result)
result.to_csv('../output/bls_addenhancenodes.csv', index=False)
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