50道mysql语句详细讲解

升为小白的我，简单的题目就不讲啦！！！
题目
–1.学生表
Student(SId,Sname,Sage,Ssex)
–SId 学生编号,Sname 学生姓名,Sage 出生年月,Ssex 学生性别
–2.课程表
Course(CId,Cname,TId)
–CId 课程编号,Cname 课程名称,TId 教师编号
–3.教师表
Teacher(TId,Tname)
–TId 教师编号,Tname 教师姓名
–4.成绩表
SC(SId,CId,score)
–SId 学生编号,CId 课程编号,score 分数
学生表 Student
create table Student(SId varchar(10),Sname varchar(10),Sage datetime,Ssex varchar(10));
insert into Student values(‘01’ , ‘赵雷’ , ‘1990-01-01’ , ‘男’);
insert into Student values(‘02’ , ‘钱电’ , ‘1990-12-21’ , ‘男’);
insert into Student values(‘03’ , ‘孙风’ , ‘1990-12-20’ , ‘男’);
insert into Student values(‘04’ , ‘李云’ , ‘1990-12-06’ , ‘男’);
insert into Student values(‘05’ , ‘周梅’ , ‘1991-12-01’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘06’ , ‘吴兰’ , ‘1992-01-01’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘07’ , ‘郑竹’ , ‘1989-01-01’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘09’ , ‘张三’ , ‘2017-12-20’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘10’ , ‘李四’ , ‘2017-12-25’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘11’ , ‘李四’ , ‘2012-06-06’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘12’ , ‘赵六’ , ‘2013-06-13’ , ‘女’);
insert into Student values(‘13’ , ‘孙七’ , ‘2014-06-01’ , ‘女’);
科目表 Course
create table Course(CId varchar(10),Cname nvarchar(10),TId varchar(10));
insert into Course values(‘01’ , ‘语文’ , ‘02’);
insert into Course values(‘02’ , ‘数学’ , ‘01’);
insert into Course values(‘03’ , ‘英语’ , ‘03’);
教师表 Teacher
create table Teacher(TId varchar(10),Tname varchar(10));
insert into Teacher values(‘01’ , ‘张三’);
insert into Teacher values(‘02’ , ‘李四’);
insert into Teacher values(‘03’ , ‘王五’);
成绩表 SC
create table SC(SId varchar(10),CId varchar(10),score decimal(18,1));
insert into SC values(‘01’ , ‘01’ , 80);
insert into SC values(‘01’ , ‘02’ , 90);
insert into SC values(‘01’ , ‘03’ , 99);
insert into SC values(‘02’ , ‘01’ , 70);
insert into SC values(‘02’ , ‘02’ , 60);
insert into SC values(‘02’ , ‘03’ , 80);
insert into SC values(‘03’ , ‘01’ , 80);
insert into SC values(‘03’ , ‘02’ , 80);
insert into SC values(‘03’ , ‘03’ , 80);
insert into SC values(‘04’ , ‘01’ , 50);
insert into SC values(‘04’ , ‘02’ , 30);
insert into SC values(‘04’ , ‘03’ , 20);
insert into SC values(‘05’ , ‘01’ , 76);
insert into SC values(‘05’ , ‘02’ , 87);
insert into SC values(‘06’ , ‘01’ , 31);
insert into SC values(‘06’ , ‘03’ , 34);
insert into SC values(‘07’ , ‘02’ , 89);
insert into SC values(‘07’ , ‘03’ , 98);
练习
*1.查询" 01 “课程比” 02 "课程成绩高的学生的信息及课程分数
因为需要全部的学生信息，则需要在sc表中得到符合条件的SId后与student表进行join，可以left join 也可以 right join

方法1：
select * from Student RIGHT JOIN (
    select t1.SId, class1, class2 from
          (select SId, score as class1 from sc where sc.CId = '01')as t1, 
          (select SId, score as class2 from sc where sc.CId = '02')as t2
    where t1.SId = t2.SId AND t1.class1 > t2.class2
)r 
on Student.SId = r.SId;

方法2：

select * from  (
    select t1.SId, class1, class2 
    from
        (SELECT SId, score as class1 FROM sc WHERE sc.CId = '01') AS t1, 
        (SELECT SId, score as class2 FROM sc WHERE sc.CId = '02') AS t2
    where t1.SId = t2.SId and t1.class1 > t2.class2
) r 
LEFT JOIN Student
ON Student.SId = r.SId;

对方法二讲解：首先是对学生表和成绩表俩张表之间建立的联系，并且对俩张表进行了数据比较。
看一下俩张表：

很明显需要通过俩张表的sid（学号）建立联系结构就应该是：

select*from 新表（比较完分数之后创建的新表）left join student on student.sid = 新表.sid

解析新表R的代码

 select * from  (
    select t1.SId, class1, class2 #查找你需要的元素
    from
        (SELECT SId, score as class1 FROM sc WHERE sc.CId = '01') AS t1, #查询课程01的成绩并且作为子表t1
        (SELECT SId, score as class2 FROM sc WHERE sc.CId = '02') AS t2 #查询课程02的成绩并且作为子表t2
    where t1.SId = t2.SId and t1.class1 > t2.class2#限定条件，将俩张表的sid（学号）合并，并且将分数进行比较
) r#这边是as省略了，查询的数据成了表r 

表的结果：

最后将合并就是答案的代码。

1.1 查询同时存在" 01 “课程和” 02 "课程的情况
select * from
(select * from sc where sc.CId = ‘01’) as t1,
(select * from sc where sc.CId = ‘02’) as t2
where t1.SId = t2.SId;

1.2 查询存在" 01 “课程但可能不存在” 02 "课程的情况(不存在时显示为 null )
讲解：题目的意思是保留01的数据，leftjoin保留左边的表的数据全部输出，不管右边的表的数据，没有就用null值填充
select * from
(select * from sc where sc.CId = ‘01’) as t1
left join
(select * from sc where sc.CId = ‘02’) as t2
on t1.SId = t2.SId;
select * from
(select * from sc where sc.CId = ‘02’) as t2
right join
(select * from sc where sc.CId = ‘01’) as t1
on t1.SId = t2.SId;

1.3 查询不存在" 01 “课程但存在” 02 "课程的情况
select * from sc
where sc.SId not in (
select SId from sc
where sc.CId = ‘01’
)
AND sc.CId= ‘02’;

2.查询平均成绩大于等于 60 分的同学的学生编号和学生姓名和平均成绩
讲解：这里只用根据学生ID把成绩分组，对分组中的score求平均值，最后在选取结果中AVG大于60的即可. 注意，这里必须要给计算得到的AVG结果一个alias.（AS ss）
得到学生信息的时候既可以用join也可以用一般的联合搜索

select Student.SId, Student.Sname, r.ss from Student right join(
      select SId, AVG(score) AS ss from sc
      GROUP BY SId
      HAVING AVG(score)> 60
)r on Student.SId = r.SId;

3.查询在 SC 表存在成绩的学生信息（student.使用的正则表达式，意思是选取student里面的所有数据）
select DISTINCT student.
from student,sc
where student.SId=sc.SId
（如果不去重会重复出现多组数据）

4.查询所有同学的学生编号、学生姓名、选课总数、所有课程的成绩总和
联合查询不会显示没选课的学生，也就是说我们没选课的学生会没有显示

select student.sid, student.sname,r.coursenumber,r.scoresum
from student,
(select sc.sid, sum(sc.score) as scoresum, count(sc.cid) as coursenumber from sc 
group by sc.sid)r#将要的元素重命名，并且将所选取的元素变成表r
where student.sid = r.sid;#设置限定条件防止数据重复将俩个表的学号合并

解决方案
如要显示没选课的学生(显示为NULL)，需要使用join:

select s.sid, s.sname,r.coursenumber,r.scoresum
from (
    (select student.sid,student.sname 
    from student
    )s 
    left join 
    (select 
        sc.sid, sum(sc.score) as scoresum, count(sc.cid) as coursenumber
        from sc 
        group by sc.sid
    )r 
   on s.sid = r.sid
);

4.1查有成绩的学生信息

case when实现【行列转换】时会出现多条记录，如果不用聚合函数直接进行group by分组，那么检索的是基表里分组字段的第一条记录
如果使用max()函数之后再进行group by分组，那么就会检索每个字段的最大值然后再分组

select sid,
max(case when cid='01' then score else "" end) as "cid_01",
max(case when cid='02' then score else "" end) as "cid_02",
max(case when cid='03' then score