约束，主外键

create table u(
id int primary key auto_increment comment'主键',
name varchar(10) not null unique comment'姓名',
age int check(age>0&& age<=120),
status char(1) default '1'comment'状态',
sex char(1)comment'性别'
)comment'用户表'
插入数据
insert into u(name,age,status,sex) values('Tom1',19,'1','男'),('Tom2',25,'0','男');
insert into u(name,age,status,sex)values('Tom3',19,'1','男');
insert into u(name,age,status,sex)values('Tom3',19,'1','男');
insert into u(name,age,status,sex)values('Tom3',121,'1','男');
insert into u(name,age,sex)values('Tom4',121,'男');

建立约束在字段类型后，主键约束在最后

创建dept表（部门）
create table dept(
id int auto_increment comment'ID'primary key,
name varchar(50)not null comment '部门名称'
)comment'部门表'
往dept表插入数据
insert into dept(name)values('研发部'),('市场部'),('财务部'),('销售部'),('总经办')

创建emp表
create table emp(
id int auto_increment comment 'ID'primary key,
name varchar(50) not null comment '姓名',
age int comment'年龄',
job varchar(20) comment '职位',
salary int comment'薪资',
entrydate date comment '入职时间',
managerid int comment'直属领导ID',
dept_id int comment'部门ID'
)comment '员工表'
给emp表添加数据
insert into emp(name,age,job,salary,entrydate,managerid,dept_id)values
('金庸',66,'总裁',20000,'2000-1-1',null,5),('张无忌',20,'项目经理',12500,'2005-12-5',1,1),
('杨晓',33,'开发',8400,'2000-11-3',2,1),('韦一笑',48,'开发',11000,'2002-2-5',2,1),
('常遇春',43,'开发',10500,'2004-9-7',3,1),('校招',19,'程序员鼓励师',6600,'2004-10-12',2,1)
给emp表添加外键fk_emp_dept_id，与dept表的id字段关联，此时不可删除dept表的id为1（此时emp表dept_id为1）的数据
alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id)
删除外键fk_emp_dept_id
alter table emp drop foreign key fk_emp_dept_id

外键删除更新行为
cascade时主表将id更新则子表也更新为6

alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id) on update cascade on delete cascade

删除时子表的相应数据也被删除

为null时，父表更新则子表的相应数据置为null

alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id) on update null on delete null

删除时也为null