【MySQL】复合查询

1 基本查询回顾

我们以下面这张员工表为例：

mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员，同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J

mysql> select * from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and ename like 'J%';
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK   | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 | NULL |     30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序

mysql> select * from emp order by deptno, sal desc;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 使用年薪进行降序排序

年薪计算方法：sal（月薪）*12+ifnull(comm,0) ，ifnull的作用是，如果comm(奖金)为NULL，就返回0。

mysql> select ename, sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) as '年薪' from emp order by 年薪 desc;
+--------+----------+
| ename  | 年薪     |
+--------+----------+
| KING   | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT  | 36000.00 |
| FORD   | 36000.00 |
| JONES  | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE  | 34200.00 |
| CLARK  | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN  | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
| WARD   | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS  | 13200.00 |
| JAMES  | 11400.00 |
| SMITH  |  9600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位

mysql> select ename, job from emp where sal = (select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job       |
+-------+-----------+
| KING  | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息

mysql> select ename, sal from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal     |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资

mysql> select deptno, format(avg(sal), 2) , max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+---------------------+----------+
| deptno | format(avg(sal), 2) | max(sal) |
+--------+---------------------+----------+
|     10 | 2,916.67            |  5000.00 |
|     20 | 2,175.00            |  3000.00 |
|     30 | 1,566.67            |  2850.00 |
+--------+---------------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资

mysql> select deptno, avg(sal) as avg_sal from emp group by deptno having avg_sal<2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg_sal     |
+--------+-------------+
|     30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

• 显示每种岗位的雇员总数，平均工资

mysql> select job,count(*), format(avg(sal),2) from emp group by job;
+-----------+----------+--------------------+
| job       | count(*) | format(avg(sal),2) |
+-----------+----------+--------------------+
| ANALYST   |        2 | 3,000.00           |
| CLERK     |        4 | 1,037.50           |
| MANAGER   |        3 | 2,758.33           |
| PRESIDENT |        1 | 5,000.00           |
| SALESMAN  |        4 | 1,400.00           |
+-----------+----------+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

2 多表查询

实际开发中往往数据来自不同的表，所以需要多表查询。本节我们用一个简单的公司管理系统，有三张表
EMP(员工表),DEPT（部门表）,SALGRADE（薪资等级表）来演示如何进行多表查询。

案例：

• 显示雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门的名字

因为上面的数据来自EMP和DEPT表，因此要进行联合查询 。

我们先将两张表做笛卡尔积组合成一张表

mysql> select * from emp,dept;

笛卡尔积之后，我们看到有很多条emp表中的deptno 不等于dept表中的deptno字段的记录 ，这些就属于不正确的数据，我们要过滤掉。

mysql> select * from emp, dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;

最后，从本张表中提取所需要的雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门。

mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

---

• 显示部门号为10的部门名，员工名和工资

mysql> select ename,sal,dname,emp.deptno from emp, dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      | deptno |
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

---

• 显示各个员工的姓名，工资，及工资级别

需要用到表emp和salgrade

select * from emp,salgrade;

我们可以发现，工资sal不在对应（losal,hisal）区间的数据不是我们想要的。

select ename, sal, grade from emp, salgrade where emp.sal between losal and hisal;

mysql> select ename, sal, grade from emp, salgrade where emp.sal between losal and hisal; 
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

---

3 自连接

自连接是指在同一张表连接查询

前面我们做笛卡尔积连接的都是两张不同的表，那么能不能对一张表进行自我连接呢？答案是肯定的。

有没有必要对一张表进行自我连接呢？答案也是肯定的。

表的别名：

• 一张表可以自我连接。进行自连接时我们需要一个机制来区分一个表的两个实例。

• 在FROM clause(子句)中我们可以给这个表取不同的别名， 然后在语句的其它需要使用到该别名的地方用dot(点)来连接该别名和字段名。

案例：

• 显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名（mgr是员工领导的编号–empno）

通过emp表我们看到，员工‘FORD’的上级领导的编号（mgr）为7566，编号为7566的上级领导（本质也是员工）也在这张表，这个时候我们就可以利用自连接的方式来通过员工‘FORD’找到他的上级领导。

mysql> select * from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec) 

---

原理：同一张表做笛卡尔积后，可以将任意两行数据合并到一行，这样就可以进行查询筛选数据了。

以下图为例，当做完笛卡尔积后，所有行数据中，必然有一行为：右边worker中worker.ename='FORD’对应的mgr和同行左边leader中leader.empno相等，那么此时这个leader.empno就是这个员工上级领导的编号。

实现：

–from emp leader, emp worker，将emp表起别名为leader和worker

//将同一张表起别名后做笛卡尔积，然后找到某行数据中worker.mgr=leader.empno的数据并且worker.ename名字为'FORD'
mysql> select leader.empno,leader.ename from emp leader, emp worker where leader.empno = worker.mgr and worker.ename='FORD'; 
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4 子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句，也叫嵌套查询

4.1 单行子查询

返回一行记录的子查询

• 显示与SMITH同一部门的员工

mysql> select * from emp WHERE deptno = (select deptno from emp where ename='smith');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno  | ename | job     | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK   | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK   | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL |     20 |
| 007902 | FORD  | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL |     20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2 多行子查询

返回多行记录的子查询

• in关键字；查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字，岗位，工资，部门号，但是不包含10自己的

mysql> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where job in (select distinct job from emp where
    -> deptno=10) and deptno<>10;
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| ename | job     | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 |     30 |
| SMITH | CLERK   |  800.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS | CLERK   | 1100.00 |     20 |
| JAMES | CLERK   |  950.00 |     30 |
+-------+---------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

distinct–>去重

• all关键字；显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号

mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |     20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

• any关键字；显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号（包含自己部门的员工）

mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.3 多列子查询

单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列，单行数据；多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据，都是针对单列而言的，而多列子
查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句

案例：

• 查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员，不含SMITH本人

mysql> select ename from EMP where (deptno, job)=(select deptno, job from EMP where
ename='SMITH') and ename <> 'SMITH';
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| ADAMS |
+-------+  

4.4 在from子句中使用子查询

子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧，把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。

案例1：

• 显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资

原理：根据要求，这里的平均工资是不知道的，而我们要做的就是先要将每个部门员工的工资和自己部门的平均工资做对比，然后筛选出高于自己部门平均工资的员工的信息。

步骤1：先将每个部门的平均工资求出来

mysql> select avg(sal) asal, deptno dt from emp group by deptno;
+-------------+------+
| asal        | dt   |
+-------------+------+
| 2916.666667 |   10 |
| 2175.000000 |   20 |
| 1566.666667 |   30 |
+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)

步骤2：获取各个部门的平均工资后，将其看作临时表，与各个部门的每个员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资做笛卡尔积

我们可以看到左边的是emp表，右边是tmp表，接下来我们需要做的是找到部门号相同的行记录中sal大于asal的记录—即为每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工记录

步骤3：将emp和tmp做笛卡尔积，然后满足emp.sal > tmp.asal and emp.deptno=tmp.dt ，最后从中挑选出ename, deptno, sal，asal

mysql> select ename, deptno, sal, format(asal,2) from emp, (select avg(sal) asal, deptno dt from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.sal > tmp.asal and emp.deptno=tmp.dt ;
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
| ename | deptno | sal     | format(asal,2) |
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
| KING  |     10 | 5000.00 | 2,916.67       |
| JONES |     20 | 2975.00 | 2,175.00       |
| SCOTT |     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00       |
| FORD  |     20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00       |
| ALLEN |     30 | 1600.00 | 1,566.67       |
| BLAKE |     30 | 2850.00 | 1,566.67       |
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

注意：

select ename, deptno, sal, format(asal,2) from emp, (select avg(sal) asal, deptno dt from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.sal > tmp.asal and emp.deptno=tmp.dt ;

1. 在上面这条查询语句中，一定是括号里的子查询最先执行
2. 在做完笛卡尔积的新表中对列名进行查询时要表明是做笛卡尔积之前哪张表所属的列名

案例2：

• 查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资

原理和案例1相同，不多解释。

mysql> select emp.ename, emp.sal, emp.deptno, ms from emp,
    -> (select max(sal) ms, deptno from emp group by deptno) tmp
    -> where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and emp.sal=tmp.ms;  
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal     | deptno | ms      |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |     30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.05 sec)

案例3：

• 显示每个部门的信息（部门名，编号，地址）和人员数量

案例3中，部门名，编号，地址的信息都在部门表dept中有,但是还需要人员数量，因此还要用到员工表emp。

mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤1：通过员工表聚合筛选出每个部门的人员数量

mysql> select deptno,count(*) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | count(*) |
+--------+----------+
|     10 |        3 |
|     20 |        5 |
|     30 |        6 |
+--------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤2：将步骤一筛选结果作为临时表（tmp）与部门表（dept）做笛卡尔积，通过where挑选出部门号相同的合法数据，最后根据要求select出来部门名，编号，地址和人员数量

mysql> select dept.deptno, dname, mycnt, loc from dept,
    -> (select count(*) mycnt, deptno from emp group by deptno) tmp
    -> where dept.deptno=tmp.deptno;
+--------+------------+-------+----------+
| deptno | dname      | mycnt | loc      |
+--------+------------+-------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING |     3 | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   |     5 | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      |     6 | CHICAGO  |
+--------+------------+-------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.5 合并查询

在实际应用中，为了合并多个select的执行结果，可以使用集合操作符 union，union all

4.5.1 union

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时，会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。

案例：将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来

mysql> select ename, sal, job from emp where sal>2500 union
    -> select ename, sal, job from emp where job='MANAGER';  
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal     | job       |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| KING  | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD  | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER   |
+-------+---------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我们注意到在结果中，有的员工工资大于2500的同时职位也是MANAGER，按理在求并集的时候，会分别对工资和职位进行判断，也就是说结果中工资大于2500同时职位也是MANAGER的同一位员工信息应该有两条。这里体现了union的用法：当使用该操作符时，会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。

如果不想去掉结果集中的重复行，我们可以用 union all 操作符。

4.5.3 union all

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时，不会去掉结果集中的重复行。

案例：将工资大于25000或职位是MANAGER的人找出来

mysql> select ename, sal, job from emp where sal>2500 union all
    -> select ename, sal, job from emp where job='MANAGER' order by ename;
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal     | job       |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER   |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER   |
| FORD  | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER   |
| KING  | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST   |
+-------+---------+-----------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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the end