Nginx Rewrite跳转

前言:

nginx通过ngx_http_rewrite_module模块支持url重写、支持if条件判断,但不支持else(所以if判断语句为单分支)。

另外该模块需要PCRE支持,应在编译nginx时指定PCRE支持。根据相关变量重定向和选择不同的配置,从一个location跳转到另一个location,不过这样的循环最多可以执行10次,超过后nginx将返回500错误。

同时,重写模块包含set指令,来创建新的变量并设其值,这在有些情景下非常有用的,如记录条件标识、传递参数到其他location、记录做了什么等等。

一、常用的 Nginx 正则表达式

在这里插入图片描述
从功能看 rewrite 和 location 似乎有点像,都能实现跳转,主要区别在于 rewrite 是在同一域,location 是对一类路径做控制访问或反向代理,还可以 proxy_pass 到其他机器。

二、location

(一)、location 大致可以分为三类:

精准匹配:location = / {…}
一般匹配:location / {…}
正则匹配:location ~ / {…}

(二)、location 常用的匹配规则:

=:进行普通字符精确匹配,也就是完全匹配
^~:表示普通字符匹配。使用前缀匹配。如果匹配成功,则不再匹配其他 location
~:区分大小写的匹配
~*:不区分大小写的匹配
!~:区分大小写的匹配取非
!~*:不区分大小写的匹配取非

 
 

    (三)、location 优先级:

    首先精确匹配 =
    其次前缀匹配 ^~
    其次是按文件中顺序的正则匹配 ~~*
    然后匹配不带任何修饰的前缀匹配
    最后是交给 / 通用匹配
    
     
     

      (四)、location 示例说明

      1、location = / {}
      = 为精确匹配 /,主机名后面不能带任何字符串,比如访问 /  /data,则 / 匹配,/data 不匹配
      再比如 location = /abc,则只匹配 /abc,/abc/ /abcd不匹配。若 location /abc ,则即匹配/abc、/abcd/ 同时也匹配/abc/
      

      2、location / { }
      因为所有的地址都以/开头,所以这条规则将匹配到所有请求比如访问//data, /匹配,/data 也匹配,
      但若后面是正则表达式会和最长字符串优先匹配(最长匹配)

      3、location /documents/ { }
      匹配任何以/documents/ 开头的地址,匹配符合以后,还要继续往下搜索其它location
      只有其它location后面的正则表达式没有匹配到时,才会采用这一条

      4、location /documents/abc { }
      匹配任何以/documents/abc 开头的地址,匹配符合以后,还要继续往下搜索其它location
      只有其它location后面的正则表达式没有匹配到时,才会采用这一条

      5、location ^~ /images/ { }
      匹配任何以/images/ 开头的地址,匹配符合以后,停止往下搜索正则,采用这一-条

      6、location ~* </span>. (gif|jpg|jpeg)$ { }
      匹配所有以gif、jpg或jpeg结尾的请求
      然而,所有请求/images/下的图片会被location ^~ /images/ 处理,因为^~的优先级更高,所以到达不了这一条正则

      7、location /images/abc { }
      最长字符匹配到/images/abc,优先级最低,继续往下搜索其它location, 会发现^~~存在

      8、location ~ /images/abc { }
      匹配以/images/abc开头的,优先级次之,只有去掉location ^~ /images/ 才会采用这一条

      9、location /images/abc/1.html { }
      匹配/images/abc/1.html文件,如果和正则location ~ /images/abc/1.html相比,正则优先级更高

      优先级总结:
      (location = 完整路径) > (location ^~ 路径) > (location ~,~* 正则顺序) > (location 部分起始路径) > (location /

        (五)、实际网站使用中,至少有三个匹配规则定义:

        #第一个必选规则
        直接匹配网站根,通过域名访问网站首页比较频繁,使用这个会加速处理,比如说官网。
        可以是一“个静态首页,也可以直接转发给后端应用服务器
        location = / {
           root  html;
           index index.html index. htm;
        }
        

        #第二个必选规则是处理静态文件请求,这是nginx作为http服务器的强项
        有两种配置模式,目录匹配或后缀匹配,任选其一或搭配使用
        location ^~ /static/ {
        root /webroot/static/ ;
        }

        location ~* </span>. (html Igif ljpg ljpeglpnglcssljslico)$ {
        root /webroot/res/ ;
        }

        #第三个规则就是通用规则,比如用来转发带.php、.jsp后缀的动态请求到后端应用服务器
        非静态文件请求就默认是动态请求
        location / {
        proxy_pass http://tomcat_server;
        }

          三、Rewrite简介

          (一)、Rewrite跳转场景

          1、调整用户浏览的URL,看起来更规范,合乎开发及产品人员的需求。
          2、为了让搜索引擎搜寻网站内容及用户体验更好,企业会将动态URL地址伪装成静态地址提供服务。
          3、网址换新域名后,让旧的访问跳转到新的域名上。例如,访问京东的 360buy.com 会跳转到 jd.com。
          4、服务端某些业务调整,比如根据特殊变量、目录、客户端的信息进行URL调整等。

          四、Rewrite 跳转实现

          Nginx:通过ngx_http_rewrite_module 模块支持URL重写、支持if条件判断,但不支持else
          跳转:从一个location跳转到另一个location, 循环最多可以执行10次,超过后nginx将返回500错误
          PCRE支持:perl兼容正则表达式的语法规则匹配
          重写模块 set 指令:创建新的变量并设其值
          在这里插入图片描述

          五、rewrite

          (一)、rewrite功能

          rewrite功能就是,使用nginx提供的全局变量或自己设置的变量,结合正则表达式和标记位实现URL重写以及重定向。
          比如:更换域名后需要保持旧的域名能跳转到新的域名上、某网页发生改变需要跳转到新的页面、网站防盗链等等需求。

          rewrite只能放在server{ },location{ },if{ }中,并且默认只能对域名后边的除去传递的参数外的字符串起作用,
          例如 http: //www. dabao.com/a/we/ index.php?id=1&u=str 只对/a/we/ index.php重写。

          (二)、rewrite 执行顺序如下:

          (1) 执行 server 块里面的rewrite 指令。
          (2) 执行 location 匹配。
          (3) 执行选定的 location 中的rewrite 指令。

          (三)、语法 rewrite [flag];

          regex:表示正则匹配规则。
          replacement:表示跳转后的内容。
          flag:表示 rewrite 支持的 flag 标记。

          --------------flag标记说明---------------
          last:本条规则匹配完成后,继续向下匹配新的location URL规则,一般用在server和 if 中。
          break:本条规则匹配完成即终止,不再匹配后面的任何规则,一般使用在location中。
          redirect:返回302临时重定向,浏览器地址会显示跳转后的URL地址。
          permanent:返回301永久重定向,浏览器地址栏会显示跳转后的URL地址。

          (四)、rewrite示例

          1、基于域名的跳转

          现在公司旧域名www.gcc.com有业务需求变更,需要使用新域名www.benet.com代替,但是旧域名不能废除,需要跳转到新域名上,而且后面的参数保持不变。

          mkdir -p /var/log/nginx/
          

          vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
          server {
          listen 80;
          server_name www.gcc.com; #域名修改

              <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">charset</span> <span class="token variable">koi8-r</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
          
              <span class="token variable">access_log</span>  <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">var</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">nginx</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com-access</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>     <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">日志保存路径修改</span>
          
              <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                   <span class="token variable">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$host</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">'www.gcc.com'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>       <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">$host为rewrite全局变量,代表请求主机头字段或主机名</span>
                      <span class="token variable">rewrite</span> <span class="token punctuation">^</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token variable">$</span> <span class="token variable">http:</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">benet</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token variable">permanent</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>   <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">$</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token variable">为正则匹配得内容,即域名后边得字符串</span>
                  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                  <span class="token variable">root</span>   <span class="token variable">html</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                  <span class="token variable">index</span>  <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">html</span> <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">htm</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
              <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
          

          echo “192.168.200.50 www.gcc.com” >> /etc/hosts
          echo “192.168.200.50 www.benet.com” >> /etc/hosts
          systemctl restart nginx.service

            此时访问 http://www.gcc.com 时会自动跳转到 www.benet.com 上进行访问。
            在这里插入图片描述

            2、基于客户端 IP 访问跳转

            今天公司业务新版本上线,要求所有 IP 访问任何内容都显示一个固定维护页面,只有公司 IP 192.168.200.50访问正常。

            vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
            server {
                    listen       80;
                    server_name  www.gcc.com;
            
                <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">charset</span> <span class="token variable">koi8-r</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            
                <span class="token variable">access_log</span>  <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">var</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">nginx</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com-access</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            

            #设置是否是合法的IP标记
            set KaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '#' at position 132: …n punctuation">#̲</span><span cl…rewrite,变量值为boole值true
            #判断是否为合法IP
            if (KaTeX parse error: Expected '}', got '#' at position 236: …n punctuation">#̲</span><span cl…rewrite false;
            }
            #除了合法IP,其它都是非法IP,进行重写跳转到维护页面
            if ($rewrite = true){ #当变量值为true时,进行重写
            rewrite (.+) /weihu.html; #重写在访问IP后边插入/weihu.html,例如192.168.200.40/weihu.html
            }
            location = /weihu.html {
            root /var/www/html; #页面返回/var/www/html/weihu.html的内容
            }
            location / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
            }

            mkdir -p /var/www/html
            echo ‘<h1>this is weihu web!</h1>’ > /var/www/html/weihu.html
            systemctl restart nginx.service

              此时用另外一台机子访问192.168.200.50时会跳转到weihu.html界面,而只有IP为192.168.200.50的机子才可以正常进行访问。
              在这里插入图片描述

              3、基于旧域名跳转到新域名后面加目录

              当访问的是 http://bbs.gcc.com,现在需要将这个域名下面的访问都跳转到 http://www.gcc.com/bbs下

              vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
              server {
                      listen       80;
                      server_name  bbs.gcc.com;   #修改域名
              
                  <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">charset</span> <span class="token variable">koi8-r</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
              
                  <span class="token variable">access_log</span>  <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">var</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">nginx</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com-access</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                  <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">添加</span>
                  <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">post</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                    <span class="token variable">rewrite</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token variable">http:</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">bbs$</span><span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token variable">permanent</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>    <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">这里$</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token variable">为位置变量,代表</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">post</span>
                  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                  <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                      <span class="token variable">root</span>   <span class="token variable">html</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                      <span class="token variable">index</span>  <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">html</span> <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">htm</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
              

              [root@localhost ~]#mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/html/bbs/post
              [root@localhost ~]#echo “this is 1.html” >> /usr/local/nginx/html/bbs/post/1.html
              [root@localhost ~]#echo “192.168.200.50 bbs.gcc.com” >> /etc/hosts
              [root@localhost ~]#systemctl restart nginx.service
              [root@localhost ~]#systemctl restart nginx.service

                此时用浏览器访问 http://bbs.gcc.com/post/1.html 会自动跳转到 http://www.gcc.com/bbs/post/1.html
                在这里插入图片描述

                4、基于参数匹配的跳转

                现在访问 http://www.gcc.com/100-(100|200)-100.html 会跳转到 http://www.gcc.com的页面

                 vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
                 server {
                        listen       80;
                        server_name  www.gcc.com;    #修改域名
                
                    <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">charset</span> <span class="token variable">koi8-r</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                
                    <span class="token variable">access_log</span>  <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">var</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">nginx</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com-access</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                
                    <span class="token variable">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$request_uri</span> <span class="token punctuation">~</span> <span class="token punctuation">^</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token variable">-</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">|</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token variable">-</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token variable">d</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">html$</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>   <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">设置正则匹配</span>
                        <span class="token variable">rewrite</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token variable">http:</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com</span> <span class="token variable">permanent</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>     <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">设置重写</span>
                    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                    <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                        <span class="token variable">root</span>   <span class="token variable">html</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token variable">index</span>  <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">html</span> <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">htm</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                

                systemctl restart nginx.service

                  使用浏览器访问 http://www.gcc.com/100-100-100.html 或 http://www.gcc.com/100-200-100.html会自动跳转到 http://www.gcc.com页面
                  在这里插入图片描述

                  5、基于目录下所有 php 结尾的文件跳转

                  要求访问 http://www.gcc.com/upload/123.php 跳转到首页

                  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
                  server {
                          listen       80;
                          server_name  www.gcc.com;
                  
                      <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">charset</span> <span class="token variable">koi8-r</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                  
                      <span class="token variable">access_log</span>  <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">var</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">nginx</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com-access</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                  
                      <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">~</span><span class="token punctuation">*</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">upload</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">*</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">php$</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                         <span class="token variable">rewrite</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token variable">http:</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com</span> <span class="token variable">permanent</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                      <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                  
                      <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                          <span class="token variable">root</span>   <span class="token variable">html</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                          <span class="token variable">index</span>  <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">html</span> <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">htm</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                      <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                  

                  systemctl restart nginx.service

                    浏览器访问 http://www.gcc.com/upload/123.php 跳转到 http://www.gcc.com 首页
                    在这里插入图片描述

                    6、基于最普通一条 url 请求的跳转

                    要求访问一个具体的页面,如: http://www.gcc.com/abc/123.html,跳转到首页

                    vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
                    server {
                            listen       80;
                            server_name  www.gcc.com;
                    
                        <span class="token punctuation">#</span><span class="token variable">charset</span> <span class="token variable">koi8-r</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    
                        <span class="token variable">access_log</span>  <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">var</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">nginx</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com-access</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">log</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                    
                        <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">~</span><span class="token punctuation">*</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">abc</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token number">123.</span><span class="token variable">html</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                           <span class="token variable">rewrite</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">+</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token variable">http:</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token punctuation">/</span><span class="token variable">www</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">gcc</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">com</span> <span class="token variable">permanent</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                    
                        <span class="token variable">location</span> <span class="token punctuation">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
                            <span class="token variable">root</span>   <span class="token variable">html</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                            <span class="token variable">index</span>  <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">html</span> <span class="token variable">index</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token variable">htm</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
                        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
                    

                    systemctl restart nginx.service

                      浏览器访问 http://www.gcc.com/abc/123.html 跳转到 http://www.gcc.com
                      在这里插入图片描述

                      • 0
                        点赞
                      • 1
                        收藏
                        觉得还不错? 一键收藏
                      • 1
                        评论

                      “相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

                      • 非常没帮助
                      • 没帮助
                      • 一般
                      • 有帮助
                      • 非常有帮助
                      提交
                      评论 1
                      添加红包

                      请填写红包祝福语或标题

                      红包个数最小为10个

                      红包金额最低5元

                      当前余额3.43前往充值 >
                      需支付:10.00
                      成就一亿技术人!
                      领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
                      hope_wisdom
                      发出的红包
                      实付
                      使用余额支付
                      点击重新获取
                      扫码支付
                      钱包余额 0

                      抵扣说明:

                      1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
                      2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

                      余额充值