constructor 的private和public 区别和用途

constructor 的private和public 区别和用途

公有，私有于受保护的修饰符

默认为 public

在上面的例子里，我们可以自由访问程序里定义的成员，在TypeScript里，成员默认为public，你也可以明确的将一个成员标记成public。

class Animal {
  public name: string;
  public constructor(theName: string){
    this.name = theName;
  }
  public move(distanceInMeters: number){
    console.log(`${this.name} moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
  }
}

还要注意的是，在构造函数的参数上使用public等同于创建了同名的成员变量

class Student {
    fullName: string;
    constructor(public firstName, public middleInitial, public lastName) {
        this.fullName = firstName + " " + middleInitial + " " + lastName;
    }
}

interface Person {
    firstName: string;
    lastName: string;
}

function greeter(person : Person) {
    return "Hello, " + person.firstName + " " + person.lastName;
}

let user = new Student("Jane", "M.", "User");

document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

理解private

当成员被标记成private时，它就不能在声明它的类的外部访问：

class Person{
  protected name: string;
  constructor(name: string){
    this.name = name;
  }
}

class Employee extends Person{
  private department: string;
  
  constructor(name: string, department: string){
    super(name)
    this.department = department;
  }
  
  public getElevatorPitch() {
    return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
  }
}

let howard = new Employe("Howard", "Sales");
console.log(howard.getElevatorPitch());
console.log(howard.name); // 错误

注意：我们不能在Person类外使用name,但是我们仍然可以通过Employee类的示例方法访问，因为Employee是由Person派生而来

构造函数也可以被标记成 protected。 这意味着这个类不能在包含它的类外被实例化，但是能被继承。比如，

class Person {
    protected name: string;
    protected constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
}

// Employee 能够继承 Person
class Employee extends Person {
    private department: string;

    constructor(name: string, department: string) {
        super(name);
        this.department = department;
    }

    public getElevatorPitch() {
        return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
    }
}

let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
let john = new Person("John"); // 错误: 'Person' 的构造函数是被保护的.

readonly修饰符

你可以使用 readonly关键字将属性设置为只读的。 只读属性必须在声明时或构造函数里被初始化。

class Octopus {
    readonly name: string;
    readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
    constructor (theName: string) {
        this.name = theName;
    }
}
let dad = new Octopus("Man with the 8 strong legs");
dad.name = "Man with the 3-piece suit"; // 错误! name 是只读的.

完整例子

class TestClass {
  constructor(name: string, private address: string, public city){
  
   testMethod(){
     console.log(this.name)// Compiler error: property 'name' does not exist on type 'TestClass'.
     console.log(this.address);
     console.log(this.city);
   }
  }
}

const testClass = new TestClass('Johnson', '8 gaoke road', 'NanNing');
testClass.testMethod();

console.log(testClass.name); // Compiler error: property 'name' does not exist on type 'TestClass'.
console.log(testClass.address); // Compiler error: 'address' is private and only accessible within class 'TestClass'.
console.log(testClass.city) // NanNing