指针

指针
指针和地址容易弄混，特别是在数组中，c++中有许多的差别，先来看一串代码！

// addpntrs.cpp -- pointer addition
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    double wages[3] = {10000.0, 20000.0, 30000.0};
    short stacks[3] = {3, 2, 1};

// Here are two ways to get the address of an array
    double * pw = wages; // name of an array = address
    short * ps = &stacks[0]; // or use address operator
// with array element
    cout << "pw = " << pw << ", *pw = " << *pw << endl;
    pw = pw + 1;
    cout << "add 1 to the pw pointer:\n";
    cout << "pw = " << pw << ", *pw = " << *pw << "\n\n";
    cout << "ps = " << ps << ", *ps = " << *ps << endl;
    ps = ps + 1;
    cout << "add 1 to the ps pointer:\n";
    cout << "ps = " << ps << ", *ps = " << *ps << "\n\n";

    cout << "access two elements with array notation\n";
    cout << "stacks[0] = " << stacks[0]
         << ", stacks[1] = " << stacks[1] << endl;
    cout << "access two elements with pointer notation\n";
    cout << "*stacks = " << *stacks
         << ", *(stacks + 1) = " << *(stacks + 1) << endl;

    cout << sizeof(wages) << " = size of wages array\n";
    cout << sizeof(pw) << " = size of pw pointer\n";
    return 0;
}

下面是输出

pw = 0x28ccf0, *pw = 10000
add 1 to the pw pointer:
pw = 0x28ccf8, *pw = 20000

ps = 0x28ccea, *ps = 3
add 1 to the ps pointer:
ps = 0x28ccec, *ps = 2

access two elements with array notation
stacks[0] = 3, stacks[1] = 2
access two elements with pointer notation
*stacks = 3, *(stacks + 1) = 2
24 = size of wages array
4 = size of pw pointer

我们注意wages pw字节数存在差异
size(pw)是第一个元素的内存，但size(wages)却是整个数组的内存！！
地址有异曲同工之妙。

来看一串指针表示法，我们对于结构与指针的关系会更加了解。

#include<iostream>
struct inflatable
{
	char name[20];
	float volume;
	double price;
};
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	inflatable* ps = new inflatable;
	cout << "enter name of inflatable item:";
	cin.get(ps->name, 20);
	cout << "enter volume in cubic feet:";
	cin >> (*ps).volume;
	cout << "enter priace: $";
	cin >> ps->price;
	cout << "name:" << (*ps).name << endl;
	cout << "volume:" << ps->volume << " cubic feet\n";
	cout << "price: $" << ps->price << endl;
	delete ps;
	return 0;
}

我们程序员撸代码过程中，用new的时候切记要加delete释放内存，不然会引发严重后果。

下面这一串代码通过指针，new,delete节省内存。

// delete.cpp -- using the delete operator
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>        // or string.h
using namespace std;
char * getname(void);     // function prototype
int main()
{
    char * name;          // create pointer but no storage

    name = getname();     // assign address of string to name
    cout << name << " at " << (int *) name << "\n";
    delete [] name;       // memory freed

    name = getname();     // reuse freed memory
    cout << name << " at " << (int *) name << "\n";
    delete [] name;       // memory freed again
    return 0;
}

char * getname()          // return pointer to new string
{
    char temp[80];        // temporary storage
    cout << "Enter last name: ";
    cin >> temp;
    char * pn = new char[strlen(temp) + 1];
    strcpy(pn, temp);     // copy string into smaller space

    return pn;            // temp lost when function ends
}

输出如下

Enter last name: Fredeldumpkin
Fredeldumpkin at 0x004326b8
Enter last name: Pook
Pook at 0x004301c8

这种设计的函数很节省内存，我们可以加以学习与模仿。

通过指针更加方便利用new,delete动态存储，会给程序减轻负荷，减少内存。
值得推荐。