文章目录
图
1、二叉树的相关概念及其实现判断
1.1如何判断一颗二叉树是否是搜索二叉树？
特点：左树小于头 右树大于头
方法：中序遍历 升序 则是
public boolean checkBST(Node head)
{
preValue = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
if(head != null)
{
return true;
}
boolean isLeftBST = checkBST(Node left);
if(!isLeftBST)
{
return false;
}
if(head.value <= preValue)
{
return false;
}else{
preValue = head.Value;
}
return checkBST(Node right);
}
public static void in(Node head, ArrayList<Node> arr) {
if (head == null) {
return;
}
in(head.left, arr);
arr.add(head);
in(head.right, arr);
}
public static boolean isBST2(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return true;
}
return process(head).isBST;
}
public static class Info {
public boolean isBST;
public int max;
public int min;
public Info(boolean i, int ma, int mi) {
isBST = i;
max = ma;
min = mi;
}
}
public static Info process(Node x) {
if (x == null) {
return null;
}
Info leftInfo = process(x.left);
Info rightInfo = process(x.right);
int max = x.value;
if (leftInfo != null) {
max = Math.max(max, leftInfo.max);
}
if (rightInfo != null) {
max = Math.max(max, rightInfo.max);
}
int min = x.value;
if (leftInfo != null) {
min = Math.min(min, leftInfo.min);
}
if (rightInfo != null) {
min = Math.min(min, rightInfo.min);
}
boolean isBST = true;
if (leftInfo != null && !leftInfo.isBST) {
isBST = false;
}
if (rightInfo != null && !rightInfo.isBST) {
isBST = false;
}
if (leftInfo != null && leftInfo.max >= x.value) {
isBST = false;
}
if (rightInfo != null && rightInfo.min <= x.value) {
isBST = false;
}
return new Info(isBST, max, min);
}
1,2 如何判断一颗二叉树是完全二叉树？
特点：即（满）二叉树，即便不是满的也是从左往右依次变满
方法： 任何一个节点：出现有右节点，无左节点 则FALSE，在此不违反情况下之下若左右节点不全，后续必须都是叶节点
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static boolean isCBT1(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return true;
}
LinkedList<Node> queue = new LinkedList<>();
// 是否遇到过左右两个孩子不双全的节点
boolean leaf = false;
Node l = null;
Node r = null;
queue.add(head);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
head = queue.poll();
l = head.left;
r = head.right;
if (
// 如果遇到了不双全的节点之后，又发现当前节点不是叶节点
(leaf && (l != null || r != null))
||
(l == null && r != null)
) {
return false;
}
if (l != null) {
queue.add(l);
}
if (r != null) {
queue.add(r);
}
if (l == null || r == null) {
leaf = true;
}
}
return true;
}
1.3如何判断一颗二叉树是否是满二叉树？
方法：统计节点个数N与二叉树的最大深度 L 关系：N = 2的L次方 -1
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static class info{
public int height;
public int nodes;
public info(int h,int n)
{
height = h;
nodes = n;
}
public static sunFull(Node head)
{
if(head == null)
{
return true;
}
info man = idFull(head);
return man.nodes==(1 << man.height ) -1;
}
public static info isFull(Node head )
{
if(head == null)
{
return info(0,0);
}
info leftInfo =isFull(head.left);
info rightInfo = isFull(head.right);
int sumH =Math.max(leftInfo.height,rightInfo.height)+1;
int sunL = leftInfo.nodes +right.nides +1;
return new Info(height,nodes);
}
}
1.4如何判断一颗二叉树是否是平衡二叉树？（二叉树题目套路）
特点：对于任何一个二叉树来说：左树的高度与与右树的高度差不超过一 且左右树都平衡
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static boolean isBalanced1(Node head) {
boolean[] ans = new boolean[1];
ans[0] = true;
process1(head, ans);
return ans[0];
}
public static int process1(Node head, boolean[] ans) {
if (!ans[0] || head == null) {
return -1;
}
int leftHeight = process1(head.left, ans);
int rightHeight = process1(head.right, ans);
if (Math.abs(leftHeight - rightHeight) > 1) {
ans[0] = false;
}
return Math.max(leftHeight, rightHeight) + 1;
}
public static boolean isBalanced2(Node head) {
return process(head).isBalanced;
}
public static class Info{
public boolean isBalanced;
public int height;
public Info(boolean i, int h) {
isBalanced = i;
height = h;
}
}
public static Info process(Node x) {
if(x == null) {
return new Info(true, 0);
}
Info leftInfo = process(x.left);
Info rightInfo = process(x.right);
int height = Math.max(leftInfo.height, rightInfo.height) + 1;
boolean isBalanced = true;
if(!leftInfo.isBalanced) {
isBalanced = false;
}
if(!rightInfo.isBalanced) {
isBalanced = false;
}
if(Math.abs(leftInfo.height - rightInfo.height) > 1) {
isBalanced = false;
}
return new Info(isBalanced, height);
}
2、题目一
给定两个二叉树的节点node1和node2，找到他们最低的公共祖先节点
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static Node lowestAncestor1(Node head, Node o1, Node o2) {
if (head == null) {
return null;
}
// key的父节点是value
HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap = new HashMap<>();
parentMap.put(head, null);
fillParentMap(head, parentMap);
HashSet<Node> o1Set = new HashSet<>();
Node cur = o1;
o1Set.add(cur);
while (parentMap.get(cur) != null) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
o1Set.add(cur);
}
cur = o2;
while (!o1Set.contains(cur)) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
}
return cur;
}
public static void fillParentMap(Node head, HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap) {
if (head.left != null) {
parentMap.put(head.left, head);
fillParentMap(head.left, parentMap);
}
if (head.right != null) {
parentMap.put(head.right, head);
fillParentMap(head.right, parentMap);
}
}
public static Node lowestAncestor2(Node head, Node a, Node b) {
return process(head, a, b).ans;
}
public static class Info {
public boolean findA;
public boolean findB;
public Node ans;
public Info(boolean fA, boolean fB, Node an) {
findA = fA;
findB = fB;
ans = an;
}
}
public static Info process(Node x, Node a, Node b) {
if (x == null) {
return new Info(false, false, null);
}
Info leftInfo = process(x.left, a, b);
Info rightInfo = process(x.right, a, b);
boolean findA = (x == a) || leftInfo.findA || rightInfo.findA;
boolean findB = (x == b) || leftInfo.findB || rightInfo.findB;
Node ans = null;
if (leftInfo.ans != null) {
ans = leftInfo.ans;
} else if (rightInfo.ans != null) {
ans = rightInfo.ans;
} else {
if (findA && findB) {
ans = x;
}
}
return new Info(findA, findB, ans);
}
题目二
该结构比普通二叉树节点结构多了一个指向父节点的 parent 指针。
假设有一棵 Node 类型的节点组成的二叉树，树中每个节点的 parent 指针都正确地指向自己的父节点，头节点的 parent 指向 null 。
只给一个在二叉树中的某个节点 node ，请实现返回 node 的后继节点的函数。
在二叉树的中序遍历的序列中， node 的下一个节点叫作 node 的后继节点。
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node parent;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static Node getSuccessorNode(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return node;
}
if (node.right != null) {
return getLeftMost(node.right);
} else { // 无右子树
Node parent = node.parent;
while (parent != null && parent.right == node) { // 当前节点是其父亲节点右孩子
node = parent;
parent = node.parent;
}
return parent;
}
}
public static Node getLeftMost(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return node;
}
while (node.left != null) {
node = node.left;
}
return node;
}
折纸问题
请把一段纸条竖着放在桌子上，然后从纸条的下边向上方对折1次，压出折痕后展开。 此时折痕是凹下去的，即折痕突起的方向指向纸条的背面。如果从纸条的下边向上方连续对折2次，压出折痕后展开，此时有三条折痕，从上到下依次是下折痕、下折痕和上折痕。 给定一个输入参数N，代表纸条都从下边向上方连续对折N次。请从上到下打印所有折痕的方向。 例如:N=1时，打印: down N=2时，打印: down down up
public static void printAllFolds(int N) {
process(1, N, true);
System.out.println();
}
// 当前你来了一个节点，脑海中想象的！
// 这个节点在第i层，一共有N层，N固定不变的
// 这个节点如果是凹的话，down = T
// 这个节点如果是凸的话，down = F
// 函数的功能：中序打印以你想象的节点为头的整棵树！
public static void process(int i, int N, boolean down) {
if (i > N) {
return;
}
process(i + 1, N, true);
System.out.print(down ? "凹 " : "凸 ");
process(i + 1, N, false);
}
详解前缀树和贪心算法
1、 图的存储方式
- 点的集合与变得集合构成
- 虽然存在有向图与无向图的概念但是都可以用有向图表达
- 边可能有权值
邻接表 ：从这一点能到达的直接邻居
邻接矩阵
package class16;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
public class Graph {
public HashMap<Integer, Node> nodes; //点集合 <点的编号,实际的点>
public HashSet<Edge> edges; //边集合
public Graph() {
nodes = new HashMap<>();
edges = new HashSet<>();
}
}
public class Edge {
public int weight;
public Node from;
public Node to;
public Edge(int weight, Node from, Node to) {
this.weight = weight;
this.from = from;
this.to = to;
}
}
// 点结构的描述
public class Node {
public int value; //数据项
public int in; //入度
public int out;
public ArrayList<Node> nexts; //直接邻居
public ArrayList<Edge> edges; //
public Node(int value) {
this.value = value;
in = 0;
out = 0;
nexts = new ArrayList<>();
edges = new ArrayList<>();
}
}
// matrix 所有的边
// N*3 的矩阵
// [weight, from节点上面的值，to节点上面的值]
//
// [ 5 , 0 , 7]
// [ 3 , 0, 1]
//
public static Graph createGraph(int[][] matrix) {
Graph graph = new Graph();
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
// 拿到每一条边， matrix[i]
int weight = matrix[i][0];
int from = matrix[i][1];
int to = matrix[i][2];
if (!graph.nodes.containsKey(from)) {
graph.nodes.put(from, new Node(from));
}
if (!graph.nodes.containsKey(to)) {
graph.nodes.put(to, new Node(to));
}
Node fromNode = graph.nodes.get(from);
Node toNode = graph.nodes.get(to);
Edge newEdge = new Edge(weight, fromNode, toNode);
fromNode.nexts.add(toNode);
fromNode.out++;
toNode.in++;
fromNode.edges.add(newEdge);
graph.edges.add(newEdge);
}
return graph;
}
2、图的宽度优先遍历
1，利用队列实现
2，从源节点开始依次按照宽度进队列，然后弹出
3，每弹出一个点，把该节点所有没有进过队列的邻接点放入队列
4，直到队列变空
// 从node出发，进行宽度优先遍历
public static void bfs(Node start) {
if (start == null) {
return;
}
Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<>();
HashSet<Node> set = new HashSet<>();
queue.add(start);
set.add(start);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
Node cur = queue.poll();
System.out.println(cur.value);
for (Node next : cur.nexts) {
if (!set.contains(next)) {
set.add(next);
queue.add(next);
}
}
}
}
3、深度优先遍历
1，利用栈实现
2，从源节点开始把节点按照深度放入栈，然后弹出
3，每弹出一个点，把该节点下一个没有进过栈的邻接点放入栈
4，直到栈变空
public static void dfs(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return;
}
Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<>();
HashSet<Node> set = new HashSet<>();
stack.add(node);
set.add(node);
System.out.println(node.value);
while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
Node cur = stack.pop();
for (Node next : cur.nexts) {
if (!set.contains(next)) {
stack.push(cur);
stack.push(next);
set.add(next);
System.out.println(next.value);
break;
}
}
}
}
4、拓扑排序算法
适用范围： 有向图 入度为0的节点 没有环
// directed graph and no loop
public static List<Node> sortedTopology(Graph graph) {
// key 某个节点 value 剩余的入度
HashMap<Node, Integer> inMap = new HashMap<>();
// 只有剩余入度为0的点，才进入这个队列
Queue<Node> zeroInQueue = new LinkedList<>();
for (Node node : graph.nodes.values()) {
inMap.put(node, node.in);
if (node.in == 0) {
zeroInQueue.add(node);
}
}
List<Node> result = new ArrayList<>();
while (!zeroInQueue.isEmpty()) {
Node cur = zeroInQueue.poll();
result.add(cur);
for (Node next : cur.nexts) {
inMap.put(next, inMap.get(next) - 1);
if (inMap.get(next) == 0) {
zeroInQueue.add(next);
}
}
}
return result;
}
5、kruskal算法
范围：无向图
public class Code04_Kruskal {
// Union-Find Set
public static class UnionFind {
// key 某一个节点， value key节点往上的节点
private HashMap<Node, Node> fatherMap;
// key 某一个集合的代表节点, value key所在集合的节点个数
private HashMap<Node, Integer> sizeMap;
public UnionFind() {
fatherMap = new HashMap<Node, Node>();
sizeMap = new HashMap<Node, Integer>();
}
public void makeSets(Collection<Node> nodes) {
fatherMap.clear();
sizeMap.clear();
for (Node node : nodes) {
fatherMap.put(node, node);
sizeMap.put(node, 1);
}
}
private Node findFather(Node n) {
Stack<Node> path = new Stack<>();
while(n != fatherMap.get(n)) {
path.add(n);
n = fatherMap.get(n);
}
while(!path.isEmpty()) {
fatherMap.put(path.pop(), n);
}
return n;
}
public boolean isSameSet(Node a, Node b) {
return findFather(a) == findFather(b);
}
public void union(Node a, Node b) {
if (a == null || b == null) {
return;
}
Node aDai = findFather(a);
Node bDai = findFather(b);
if (aDai != bDai) {
int aSetSize = sizeMap.get(aDai);
int bSetSize = sizeMap.get(bDai);
if (aSetSize <= bSetSize) {
fatherMap.put(aDai, bDai);
sizeMap.put(bDai, aSetSize + bSetSize);
sizeMap.remove(aDai);
} else {
fatherMap.put(bDai, aDai);
sizeMap.put(aDai, aSetSize + bSetSize);
sizeMap.remove(bDai);
}
}
}
}
public static class EdgeComparator implements Comparator<Edge> {
@Override
public int compare(Edge o1, Edge o2) {
return o1.weight - o2.weight;
}
}
public static Set<Edge> kruskalMST(Graph graph) {
UnionFind unionFind = new UnionFind(); //并查集结构
unionFind.makeSets(graph.nodes.values());
// 从小的边到大的边，依次弹出，小根堆！
PriorityQueue<Edge> priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<>(new EdgeComparator());
for (Edge edge : graph.edges) { // M 条边
priorityQueue.add(edge); // O(logM)
}
Set<Edge> result = new HashSet<>();
while (!priorityQueue.isEmpty()) { // M 条边
Edge edge = priorityQueue.poll(); // O(logM)
if (!unionFind.isSameSet(edge.from, edge.to)) { // O(1)
result.add(edge);
unionFind.union(edge.from, edge.to);
}
}
return result;
}
}
6、prim算法
范围：无向图
public static class EdgeComparator implements Comparator<Edge> {
@Override
public int compare(Edge o1, Edge o2) {
return o1.weight - o2.weight;
}
}
public static Set<Edge> primMST(Graph graph) {
// 解锁的边进入小根堆
PriorityQueue<Edge> priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<>(new EdgeComparator());
// 哪些点被解锁出来了
HashSet<Node> nodeSet = new HashSet<>();
Set<Edge> result = new HashSet<>(); // 依次挑选的的边在result里
for (Node node : graph.nodes.values()) { // 随便挑了一个点
// node 是开始点
if (!nodeSet.contains(node)) {
nodeSet.add(node);
for (Edge edge : node.edges) { // 由一个点，解锁所有相连的边
priorityQueue.add(edge);
}
while (!priorityQueue.isEmpty()) {
Edge edge = priorityQueue.poll(); // 弹出解锁的边中，最小的边
Node toNode = edge.to; // 可能的一个新的点
if (!nodeSet.contains(toNode)) { // 不含有的时候，就是新的点
nodeSet.add(toNode);
result.add(edge);
for (Edge nextEdge : toNode.edges) {
priorityQueue.add(nextEdge);
}
}
}
}
// break;
}
return result;
}
// 请保证graph是连通图
// graph[i][j]表示点i到点j的距离，如果是系统最大值代表无路
// 返回值是最小连通图的路径之和
public static int prim(int[][] graph) {
int size = graph.length;
int[] distances = new int[size];
boolean[] visit = new boolean[size];
visit[0] = true;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
distances[i] = graph[0][i];
}
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
int minPath = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
int minIndex = -1;
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
if (!visit[j] && distances[j] < minPath) {
minPath = distances[j];
minIndex = j;
}
}
if (minIndex == -1) {
return sum;
}
visit[minIndex] = true;
sum += minPath;
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
if (!visit[j] && distances[j] > graph[minIndex][j]) {
distances[j] = graph[minIndex][j];
}
}
}
return sum;
}
7、Dijkstra算法
适用范围：可以权值为负数的边，不能有权值累加为负数的环
public static HashMap<Node, Integer> dijkstra1(Node from) {
HashMap<Node, Integer> distanceMap = new HashMap<>();
distanceMap.put(from, 0);
// 打过对号的点
HashSet<Node> selectedNodes = new HashSet<>();
Node minNode = getMinDistanceAndUnselectedNode(distanceMap, selectedNodes);
while (minNode != null) {
// 原始点 -> minNode(跳转点) 最小距离distance
int distance = distanceMap.get(minNode);
for (Edge edge : minNode.edges) {
Node toNode = edge.to;
if (!distanceMap.containsKey(toNode)) {
distanceMap.put(toNode, distance + edge.weight);
} else { // toNode
distanceMap.put(edge.to, Math.min(distanceMap.get(toNode), distance + edge.weight));
}
}
selectedNodes.add(minNode);
minNode = getMinDistanceAndUnselectedNode(distanceMap, selectedNodes);
}
return distanceMap;
}
public static Node getMinDistanceAndUnselectedNode(HashMap<Node, Integer> distanceMap, HashSet<Node> touchedNodes) {
Node minNode = null;
int minDistance = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (Entry<Node, Integer> entry : distanceMap.entrySet()) {
Node node = entry.getKey();
int distance = entry.getValue();
if (!touchedNodes.contains(node) && distance < minDistance) {
minNode = node;
minDistance = distance;
}
}
return minNode;
}
public static class NodeRecord {
public Node node;
public int distance;
public NodeRecord(Node node, int distance) {
this.node = node;
this.distance = distance;
}
}
public static class NodeHeap {
private Node[] nodes; // 实际的堆结构
// key 某一个node， value 上面堆中的位置
private HashMap<Node, Integer> heapIndexMap;
// key 某一个节点， value 从源节点出发到该节点的目前最小距离
private HashMap<Node, Integer> distanceMap;
private int size; // 堆上有多少个点
public NodeHeap(int size) {
nodes = new Node[size];
heapIndexMap = new HashMap<>();
distanceMap = new HashMap<>();
size = 0;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
// 有一个点叫node，现在发现了一个从源节点出发到达node的距离为distance
// 判断要不要更新，如果需要的话，就更新
public void addOrUpdateOrIgnore(Node node, int distance) {
if (inHeap(node)) {
distanceMap.put(node, Math.min(distanceMap.get(node), distance));
insertHeapify(heapIndexMap.get(node));
}
if (!isEntered(node)) {
nodes[size] = node;
heapIndexMap.put(node, size);
distanceMap.put(node, distance);
insertHeapify(size++);
}
}
public NodeRecord pop() {
NodeRecord nodeRecord = new NodeRecord(nodes[0], distanceMap.get(nodes[0]));
swap(0, size - 1);
heapIndexMap.put(nodes[size - 1], -1);
distanceMap.remove(nodes[size - 1]);
// free C++同学还要把原本堆顶节点析构，对java同学不必
nodes[size - 1] = null;
heapify(0, --size);
return nodeRecord;
}
private void insertHeapify(int index) {
while (distanceMap.get(nodes[index]) < distanceMap.get(nodes[(index - 1) / 2])) {
swap(index, (index - 1) / 2);
index = (index - 1) / 2;
}
}
private void heapify(int index, int size) {
int left = index * 2 + 1;
while (left < size) {
int smallest = left + 1 < size && distanceMap.get(nodes[left + 1]) < distanceMap.get(nodes[left])
? left + 1
: left;
smallest = distanceMap.get(nodes[smallest]) < distanceMap.get(nodes[index]) ? smallest : index;
if (smallest == index) {
break;
}
swap(smallest, index);
index = smallest;
left = index * 2 + 1;
}
}
private boolean isEntered(Node node) {
return heapIndexMap.containsKey(node);
}
private boolean inHeap(Node node) {
return isEntered(node) && heapIndexMap.get(node) != -1;
}
private void swap(int index1, int index2) {
heapIndexMap.put(nodes[index1], index2);
heapIndexMap.put(nodes[index2], index1);
Node tmp = nodes[index1];
nodes[index1] = nodes[index2];
nodes[index2] = tmp;
}
}
// 改进后的dijkstra算法
// 从head出发，所有head能到达的节点，生成到达每个节点的最小路径记录并返回
public static HashMap<Node, Integer> dijkstra2(Node head, int size) {
NodeHeap nodeHeap = new NodeHeap(size);
nodeHeap.addOrUpdateOrIgnore(head, 0);
HashMap<Node, Integer> result = new HashMap<>();
while (!nodeHeap.isEmpty()) {
NodeRecord record = nodeHeap.pop();
Node cur = record.node;
int distance = record.distance;
for (Edge edge : cur.edges) {
nodeHeap.addOrUpdateOrIgnore(edge.to, edge.weight + distance);
}
result.put(cur, distance);
}
return result;
}
暴力递归
题目一：字典序
给定一个字符串类型的数组strs，找到一种拼接方式，使得把所有字符串拼起来之后形成的字符串具有最小的字典序。
public static class MyComparator implements Comparator<String> {
@Override
public int compare(String a, String b) {
return (a + b).compareTo(b + a);
}
}
public static String lowestString(String[] strs) {
if (strs == null || strs.length == 0) {
return "";
}
Arrays.sort(strs, new MyComparator());
String res = "";
for (int i = 0; i < strs.length; i++) {
res += strs[i];
}
return res;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] strs1 = { "jibw", "ji", "jp", "bw", "jibw" };
System.out.println(lowestString(strs1));
String[] strs2 = { "ba", "b" };
System.out.println(lowestString(strs2));
}
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