什么是注解
Annotation:不是程序本身,但可对程序作出解释
可以被其他程序读取
格式:@注释名,还可以添加一些参数值
例如:@SuppressWarnings(value=“unchecked”)
在何处使用:可附加在package,class,method,field上,可通过反射机制编程实现对这些元数据的访问
内置注解
元注解
负责注解其他注解,Java定义了4个标准的meta-annotation类型
(@Target,@Retention,@Documented,@Inherited)
自定义注解
使用@interface自定义注解,自动继承Java.lang.annotation.Annotation接口
通过反射机制编程实现对元数据的访问
反射机制
反射概述
动态语言:可以在运行时根据某些条件改变自身结构(js,c#,php,python)
静态语言:运行时结构不可变(Java,c,c++)
Java可以利用反射机制获得类似动态语言的特性,称之为“准动态语言”
Reflection(反射)是Java被视为动态语言的关键,反射机制允许程序再执行期借助于Reflection API取得任何类的内部信息,并能直接操作任意对象的内部属性及方法。
Class c = Class.forName(“java.lang.String”)
加载完类之后,在堆内存的方法区中就产生了一个Class类型的对象(一个类只有一个class对象),这个对象就包含了完整的类的结构信息。可以通过这个对象看到类的结构。
Java反射优点和缺点
优:
可以实现动态创建对象和编译,体现出很大的灵活性
缺:
对性能有影响。反射的操作总是慢于直接执行相同的操作
package reflection;
//什么叫反射
public class Test01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//通过反射获取类的Class对象
Class c1 = Class.forName("reflection.User");
System.out.println(c1);
Class c2 = Class.forName("reflection.User");
Class c3 = Class.forName("reflection.User");
Class c4 = Class.forName("reflection.User");
//一个类在内存中只有一个Class对象
//一个类被加载后,类的整个结构都会被封装在Class对象中
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
System.out.println(c4.hashCode());
}
}
//实体类
class User{
private String name;
private int id;
private int age;
public User() {
}
public User(String name, int id, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
Class类
class类的常用方法
获取Class类的实例
package reflection;
//测试Class类的创建方式
public class Test02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Person person = new Student();
System.out.println("这个人是:"+person.name);
//方式一:通过对象获得
Class c1 = person.getClass();
System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
//方式二:forName获得
Class c2 = Class.forName("reflection.Student");
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
//方式三:通过类名.class获得
Class c3 = Student.class;
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
//方式四:基本内置类型的包装类都有一个type属性
Class c4 = Integer.TYPE;
System.out.println(c4);
//获得父类类型
Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(c5);
}
}
class Person{
public String name;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
class Student extends Person{
public Student(){
this.name = "学生";
}
}
class Teacher extends Person{
public Teacher(){
this.name = "老师";
}
}
哪些类型有Class对象
package reflection;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
//所有类型的class
public class Test03 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class c1 = Object.class;//类
Class c2 = Comparable.class;//接口
Class c3 = String[].class;//一维数组
Class c4 = int[][].class;//二维数组
Class c5 = Override.class;//注解
Class c6 = ElementType.class;//枚举
Class c7 = Integer.class;//基本数据类型
Class c8 = void.class;//void
Class c9 = Class.class;//class
System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c2);
System.out.println(c3);
System.out.println(c4);
System.out.println(c5);
System.out.println(c6);
System.out.println(c7);
System.out.println(c8);
System.out.println(c9);
//只要元素类型与维度一样,就是同一个class
int[] a = new int[10];
int[] b = new int[100];
System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode());
System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode());
}
}
Java内存分析
Java内存:堆,栈,方法区
堆:1、存放new的对象和数组2、可以被所有的线程共享,不会存放别的对象引用
栈:1、存放基本变量类型(会包含这个基本类型的具体数值)2、引用对象的变量(会存放这个引用在堆里面的具体地址)
方法区:1、可以被所有的线程共享2、包含了所有的class和static变量
package reflection;
public class Test05 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
System.out.println(A.m);
/**
* 1、加载到内存,会产生一个类对应的class对象
* 2、链接,链接结束后 m = 0
* 3、初始化
* <clint>(){
* System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
* m = 300;
* m = 100;
* }
* m = 100;
*
* */
}
}
class A{
static{
System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
m = 300;
}
/**
* m = 300;
* m = 100;
* */
static int m = 100;
public A(){
System.out.println("A类的无参构造初始化");
}
}
什么时候会发生类初始化
类的主动引用(一定会发生类的初始化)
类的被动引用(不会发生类的初始化)
package reflection;
//测试类什么时候会初始化
public class Test04 {
static {
System.out.println("main类被加载");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//1.主动引用
Son son = new Son();
//2.反射也会产生主动引用
Class.forName("reflection.Son");
//3.不会产生类的引用方法
System.out.println(Son.b);
//4.数组
Son[] array = new Son[5];
//5.常量
System.out.println(Son.M);
}
}
class Father{
static int b = 2;
static {
System.out.println("父类被加载");
}
}
class Son extends Father{
static {
System.out.println("子类被加载");
m = 300;
}
static int m = 100;
static final int M = 1;
}
类加载器
package reflection;
public class Test06 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//获取系统类的加载器
ClassLoader systemClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
System.out.println(systemClassLoader);
//获取系统类加载器的父类加载器---》扩展类加载器
ClassLoader parent = systemClassLoader.getParent();
System.out.println(parent);
//获取扩展类加载器的父类加载器----》根加载器
ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();
System.out.println(parent1);
//测试当前类是哪个加载器加载的
ClassLoader classLoader = Class.forName("reflection.Test06").getClassLoader();
//测试JDK内置的类是谁加载的
classLoader = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader();
System.out.println(classLoader);
//如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径
System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
/**
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\deploy.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\javaws.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\jce.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\plugin.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\resources.jar;
* C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_152\jre\lib\rt.jar;
* D:\odianyun\test\target\classes;D:\odianyun\test\src\main\lib\commons-io-2.11.0.jar;
* D:\IntelliJ IDEA 2020.3.4\lib\idea_rt.jar
* */
}
}
获取类的信息
package reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
//获得类的信息
public class Test07 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("reflection.User");
/*User user = new User();
c1 = user.getClass();*/
//获得类的名字
System.out.println(c1.getName()); //获得包名+类名
System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName()); //获得类名
//获得类的属性
System.out.println("=========================");
Field[] fields = c1.getFields();//只能找到public属性
fields = c1.getDeclaredFields();//找到全部属性
for (Field field : fields) {
System.out.println(field);
}
//获得指定属性的值
Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
System.out.println(name);
//获得类的方法
System.out.println("==========================");
Method[] methods = c1.getMethods(); //获得本类及其父类的全部public方法
for (Method method : methods) {
System.out.println("正常的:"+method);
}
methods = c1.getDeclaredMethods();//获得本类的所有方法
for (Method method : methods) {
System.out.println("getDeclaredMethods:"+method);
}
//获得指定方法
//重载
Method getName = c1.getMethod("getName", null);
Method setName = c1.getMethod("setName", String.class);
System.out.println(getName);
System.out.println(setName);
//获得构造器
System.out.println("==========================");
Constructor[] constructors = c1.getConstructors();
for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
System.out.println(constructor);
}
constructors = c1.getDeclaredConstructors();
for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
System.out.println("#"+constructor);
}
//获得指定构造器
Constructor declaredConstructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
System.out.println("指定:"+declaredConstructor);
}
}
动态创建对象的执行方法
package reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
//动态的创建对象,通过反射
public class Test08 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchFieldException {
//获得class对象
Class c1 = Class.forName("reflection.User");
//构造一个对象
User user = (User)c1.newInstance();//本质上调用了类的无参构造器
System.out.println(user);
//通过构造器创建对象
Constructor constructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
User ltt = (User)constructor.newInstance("ltt", 001, 20);
System.out.println(ltt);
//通过反射调用普通方法
User user3 = (User)c1.newInstance();
//通过反射获取一个方法;
Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);
setName.invoke(user3,"yyqx");
//(对象,”方法的值“)
System.out.println(user3.getName());
//通过反射操作属性
System.out.println("======================");
User user4 = (User)c1.newInstance();
Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
//不能直接操作私有属性,需要关闭安全检测,
name.setAccessible(true);//取消安全检测
name.set(user4,"wyb");
System.out.println(user4.getName());
}
}
分析性能问题
package reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
//分析性能问题
public class Test09 {
//普通方式调用
public static void test01(){
User user = new User();
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
user.getName();
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("普通方式执行10亿次:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
//反射方式调用
public static void test02() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user = new User();
Class c1 = user.getClass();
Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null);
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
getName.invoke(user,null);
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("反射方式执行10亿次:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
//反射方式调用,关闭检测
public static void test03() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
User user = new User();
Class c1 = user.getClass();
Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null);
getName.setAccessible(true);
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
getName.invoke(user,null);
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("关闭检测反射方式执行10亿次:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
test01();
test02();
test03();
}
}
反射操作泛型
package reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
//通过反射获取泛型
public class Test10 {
public void test01(Map<String,User> map, List<User> list){
System.out.println("test01");
}
public Map<String,User> test02(){
System.out.println("test02");
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
Method method = Test10.class.getMethod("test01", Map.class, List.class);
Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
for (Type genericParameterType : genericParameterTypes) {
System.out.println("#"+genericParameterType);
if(genericParameterType instanceof ParameterizedType){
Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments();
for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
}
}
}
method = Test10.class.getMethod("test02",null);
Type genericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
if(genericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){
Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericReturnType).getActualTypeArguments();
for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
System.out.println(actualTypeArgument);
}
}
}
}
反射操作注解
ORM—(Object relationship Mapping)对象关系映射
利用注解和反射完成类和表结构的映射关系
package reflection;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
//反射操作注解
public class Test11 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
Class c1 = Class.forName("reflection.Student2");
//通过反射获得注解
Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations();
for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
System.out.println(annotation);
}
//获得注解的value的值
TableTing tableTing = (TableTing)c1.getAnnotation(TableTing.class);
String value = tableTing.value();
System.out.println(value);
//获得类指定的注解
Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("id");
FieldTing annotation = name.getAnnotation(FieldTing.class);
System.out.println(annotation.columnName());
System.out.println(annotation.length());
System.out.println(annotation.type());
}
}
@TableTing("db_student")
class Student2 {
@FieldTing(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
private int id;
@FieldTing(columnName = "db_age",type = "int",length = 10)
private int age;
@FieldTing(columnName = "db_name",type = "varchar",length = 3)
private String name;
public Student2() {
}
public Student2(int id, int age, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student2{" +
"id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
//类名的注解
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface TableTing{
String value();
}
//属性的注解
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface FieldTing{
String columnName();
String type();
int length();
}