粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,简称PSO)是一种群体智能优化算法,灵感来源于鸟群和鱼群等生物群体的行为。PSO通过模拟群体中个体的协作和信息共享来寻找最优解。下面是一个使用粒子群算法进行优化的实战示例,以解决一个简单的数学优化问题为例。
假设我们要优化一个单变量函数,例如:
�(�)=�2−4�+4f(x)=x2−4x+4
我们的目标是找到使得 �(�)f(x) 取得最小值的 �x。
以下是一个使用Python实现的简单的粒子群算法优化过程:
import numpy as np
# 定义目标函数
def objective_function(x):
return x**2 - 4*x + 4
# 定义粒子群算法
def particle_swarm_optimization(objective_function, num_particles=10, max_iter=100, inertia_weight=0.5, cognitive_weight=1.5, social_weight=1.5):
# 初始化粒子位置和速度
particles_position = np.random.uniform(low=-10, high=10, size=num_particles)
particles_velocity = np.zeros(num_particles)
# 初始化最佳个体位置和适应值
best_particle_position = np.copy(particles_position)
best_particle_fitness = np.array([objective_function(p) for p in particles_position])
# 初始化全局最佳个体位置和适应值
global_best_position = np.copy(best_particle_position[np.argmin(best_particle_fitness)])
global_best_fitness = np.min(best_particle_fitness)
# 粒子群优化迭代
for iteration in range(max_iter):
for i in range(num_particles):
# 更新粒子速度和位置
inertia_term = inertia_weight * particles_velocity[i]
cognitive_term = cognitive_weight * np.random.random() * (best_particle_position[i] - particles_position[i])
social_term = social_weight * np.random.random() * (global_best_position - particles_position[i])
particles_velocity[i] = inertia_term + cognitive_term + social_term
particles_position[i] += particles_velocity[i]
# 更新个体最佳位置和适应值
current_fitness = objective_function(particles_position[i])
if current_fitness < best_particle_fitness[i]:
best_particle_fitness[i] = current_fitness
best_particle_position[i] = particles_position[i]
# 更新全局最佳位置和适应值
if current_fitness < global_best_fitness:
global_best_fitness = current_fitness
global_best_position = particles_position[i]
# 输出每轮迭代的结果
print(f"Iteration {iteration + 1}: Global Best Fitness = {global_best_fitness}, Global Best Position = {global_best_position}")
return global_best_position, global_best_fitness
# 调用粒子群算法进行优化
best_position, best_fitness = particle_swarm_optimization(objective_function)
print("\nOptimization Result:")
print(f"Best Position: {best_position}")
print(f"Best Fitness: {best_fitness}")