剑指Offer week 1

21.栈的压入、弹出序列

image-20220905211311491

class Solution {
public:
    bool IsPopOrder(vector<int> pushV,vector<int> popV) {
        // 特判
        if (pushV.empty() || popV.empty() || pushV.size() != popV.size()) return false;
        
        stack<int> sk;
        int len = pushV.size();
        int popIndex = 0;
        
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            sk.push(pushV[i]);
            while (!sk.empty() && sk.top() == popV[popIndex]) {
                sk.pop();
                popIndex++;
            }
        }
        if (sk.empty()) {
            return true;
        }
        
        return false;
    }
};

22.从上往下打印二叉树

image-20220905212224902

正常思路,使用队列即可

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> PrintFromTopToBottom(TreeNode* root) {
        if (!root) return vector<int>();

        queue<TreeNode*> q;
        q.push(root);

        vector<int> ans;
        TreeNode* node = nullptr;
        
        while (!q.empty()) {
            node = q.front();
            q.pop();
            ans.push_back(node->val);
            
            if (node->left) q.push(node->left);
            if (node->right) q.push(node->right);
        }
        
        return ans;
    }
};

23.二叉搜索树的后序遍历序列

image-20220905215113943

如果不会的话,画一个较大的二叉搜索树,后序遍历,跟着代码走一遍

class Solution {
public:
    // 后序遍历二叉搜索树,可以通过大小来判断左右子树
    bool VerifySquenceOfBST(vector<int> sequence) {
        if (0 == sequence.size()) return false;
        if (1 == sequence.size()) return true;
    
        return check(sequence, 0, sequence.size() - 1);
    }
    
    bool check(vector<int>& sequence, int start, int end) {
        if (start >= end) return true;   // 若当前子树只有一个节点 
        
        int root = sequence[end];        // 当前子树根节点
        
        // 排除右子树
        int high = end - 1;
        while (high >= 0 && sequence[high] > root) high--;
        
        for (int i = 0; i <= high; i++) {
            if (sequence[i] > root) return false;
        }
        
        // 分治 左右子树
        return check(sequence, start, high) && check(sequence, high + 1, end - 1);   
    }
};

24.二叉树中和为某一值的路径(二)

image-20220907002019149

class Solution {
public:
    void FindPathCore(TreeNode* root, vector<vector<int>> &result, vector<int> tmp, int sumNum) {
        if (!root) return;
        tmp.push_back(root->val);
        if (root->left == nullptr && root->right == nullptr && sumNum == root->val) {
            result.push_back(tmp);
        } else {
            if (root->left) {
                FindPathCore(root->left, result, tmp, sumNum - root->val);
            }
            if (root->right) {
                FindPathCore(root->right, result, tmp, sumNum - root->val);
            }
        }
        tmp.pop_back();
    }
    
    vector<vector<int>> FindPath(TreeNode* root,int expectNumber) {
        if (!root) return vector<vector<int>> ();
        
        vector<vector<int>> result;
        vector<int> tmp;
        
        FindPathCore(root, result, tmp, expectNumber);
        return result;
    }
};

25.复杂链表的复制

image-20220907002147416

刚一上眼,嚯,困难,是我能做的么?然后抱着心态试了试,想简单了,还是有很多地方没有注意到

class Solution {	// 错误思路
public:
    RandomListNode* Clone(RandomListNode* pHead) {
        if (!pHead) return nullptr;
        
        RandomListNode* root = new RandomListNode(pHead->label);
        RandomListNode* tmp = pHead;
        while (tmp) {
            root->next = new RandomListNode(tmp->next->label);
            if (tmp->random) {
                root->random = new RandomListNode(tmp->random->label);
            } else {
                root->random = nullptr;
            }            
            root = root->next;
            tmp = tmp->next;
        }
        return root;
    }
};

还是看大神的题解吧,这种哈希做法,很赞

class Solution {
public:
    RandomListNode* Clone(RandomListNode* pHead) {
        if (!pHead) return nullptr;
        
        unordered_map<RandomListNode* , RandomListNode*> umap;
        for (auto p = pHead; p != nullptr; p = p->next) {
            umap[p] = new RandomListNode(p->label);
        }
        
        for (auto p = pHead; p != nullptr; p = p->next) {
            umap[p]->next = umap[p->next];
            umap[p]->random = umap[p->random];
        }
        
        return umap[pHead];
    }
};

26.二叉搜索树与双向链表

image-20220907004028317

中序遍历二叉树,存放在数组中,然后修改指针指向

class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* Convert(TreeNode* pRootOfTree) {
        if (!pRootOfTree) return pRootOfTree;
        
        vector<TreeNode*> result;
        LDR(pRootOfTree, result);
        
        for (int i = 0; i < result.size() - 1; i++) {
            result[i]->right = result[i + 1];
            result[i + 1]->left = result[i];
        }
        return result[0];
    }
    
    void LDR(TreeNode* root, vector<TreeNode*>& result) {
        if (!root) return;
        if (root->left) {
            LDR(root->left, result);
        }
        result.push_back(root);
        if (root->right) {
            LDR(root->right, result);
        }
    }
};

思路与前面一样,先中序遍历到数组中,再改变指向

class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* Convert(TreeNode* pRootOfTree) {
        if (!pRootOfTree) return pRootOfTree;
         
        vector<TreeNode*> result;
        stack<TreeNode*> sk;
         
        // 利用栈形成中序遍历添加到数组中
        while(!sk.empty() || pRootOfTree) {
            if (pRootOfTree) {
                sk.push(pRootOfTree);
                pRootOfTree = pRootOfTree->left;
            } else {
                pRootOfTree = sk.top();
                sk.pop();
                result.push_back(pRootOfTree);
                pRootOfTree = pRootOfTree->right;
            }
        }
         
        // 修改链表指针指向。
        for (int i = 0; i < result.size() - 1; ++i) {
            result[i + 1]->left = result[i];
            result[i]->right = result[i+1];
        }
        return result[0];
    }
};

利用栈来进行原地修改,这种很好

class Solution {
public:
    TreeNode* Convert(TreeNode* pRootOfTree) {
        if (!pRootOfTree) return pRootOfTree;
         
        TreeNode* head = nullptr;       // 输出
        TreeNode* pre = nullptr;        // 记录上一次的出栈值
        stack<TreeNode*> sk;
         
        while(!sk.empty() || pRootOfTree) {
            while (pRootOfTree) {
                sk.push(pRootOfTree);
                pRootOfTree = pRootOfTree->left;
            }
            if (!sk.empty()) {
                pRootOfTree = sk.top();
                sk.pop();
                if (pre != nullptr) {
                    pre->right = pRootOfTree;
                    pRootOfTree->left = pre;
                } else {    // pre 为空,表示sk第一次出栈,第一次出栈值为最左值,即输出值
                    head = pRootOfTree;
                }
                pre = pRootOfTree;
                pRootOfTree = pRootOfTree->right;
            }
        }
        return head;
    }
};

27.字符串的排列

image-20220909090823348

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> Permutation(string str) {
        if (0 == str.size()) return vector<string>();
         
        vector<string> res;
        sort(str.begin(), str.end());
        do {
            res.push_back(str);
        } while (next_permutation(str.begin(), str.end()));
        // next_permutation()是按字典顺序,求当前排列的下一个排列,所以要先排序
         
        return res;
   }
};

思路是递归,将字符串分为两部分,第一个字符和后面的字符,通过DFS+回溯,

(1) 遍历出所有可能出现在第一个位置的字符(依次将第一个字符同后面所有字符交换);

(2) 固定第一个字符,求后面字符的排列

这样就实现了将大问题划分为小问题

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> res;
    
    void DFS(string& s, vector<string>& res, int begin) {
        if (begin == s.size()) {
            res.push_back(s);
            return;
        }
        
        unordered_map<int, int> visited;
        for (int i = begin; i < s.size(); i++) {
            if (visited[s[i]] == 1) continue;
            swap(s[i], s[begin]);
            DFS(s, res, begin + 1);
            swap(s[i], s[begin]);
            visited[s[i]] = 1;
        }
    }
    
    vector<string> Permutation(string str) {
        if (str.empty()) return res;
        
        sort(str.begin(), str.end());
        DFS(str, res, 0);
        return res;
    }
};

28.数组中出现次数超过一半的数字

image-20220909111449447

哈希做法,很常规

class Solution {
public:
    int MoreThanHalfNum_Solution(vector<int> numbers) {
        unordered_map<int, int> umap(0);
         
        int len = numbers.size();
         
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            umap[numbers[i]]++;
            if (umap[numbers[i]] > len / 2) return numbers[i];
        }
        return 0;
    }
};

摩尔投票法

思路是,数组中有一个数字出现的次数超过数组长度的一半
那么它出现的次数比其他数字出现次数的和还要多,最后次数不为0的数字即为所求

class Solution {
public:
    int MoreThanHalfNum_Solution(vector<int> numbers) {
        int num = numbers[0];         // 从第一个数字开始
        int times = 1;                // 目前出现次数为 1
        for (int i = 1; i < numbers.size(); i++) {
            if (0 == times) {         // 为0,说明当前数字出现的次数小于其他数字出现的次数和,不满足
                num = numbers[i];     // 再比较新的数字出现次数
                times = 1;
            } else {
                num == numbers[i] ? times++ : times--;    // 比较,相等+1,不相等-1
            }
        }
        
        return num;        // 返回最后times不为0的num,即出现次数最多的num
    }
};

29.最小的K个数

image-20220909112507895

第一眼,看到,就想到这样写,然后就AC了,

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> GetLeastNumbers_Solution(vector<int> input, int k) {
        sort(input.begin(), input.end());
        
        return vector<int>(input.begin(), input.begin() + k);
    }
};

接着看了眼题解,好么,大佬的做法就是不一样,基本上都是排序,快排,堆排;不过,排序还是要会的…

快排,quickSort()的作用不是排序整个数组,而是搜索并返回最小的 k 个数。

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> GetLeastNumbers_Solution(vector<int> input, int k) {
        if (k >= input.size()) return input;
        
        return quickSort(input, k, 0, input.size() - 1);
    }
    
    vector<int> quickSort(vector<int>& input, int k, int left, int right) {
        int i = left, j = right;
        while (i < j) {	// 哨兵划分为左右子数组
            while (i < j && input[j] >= input[left]) j--;
            while (i < j && input[i] <= input[left]) i++;
            swap(input[i], input[j]);
        }
        swap(input[i], input[left]);
        // 如果i < k,说明第 k + 1小的数字在右子数组中,则递归右子数组
        if (i < k) quickSort(input, k, i + 1, right);	
        // 如果i > k,说明第k + 1小的数字在左子数组中,则递归左子数组
        if (i > k) quickSort(input, k, left, i - 1);
        
        // 如果k == i,说明此时arr[k]即为第k + 1小的数字,则直接返回数组前k个数字即可
        vector<int> res;
        res.assign(input.begin(), input.begin() + k);
        return res;
    }
};

通过优先队列,内置了堆排序

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> GetLeastNumbers_Solution(vector<int> input, int k) {
        if (k >= input.size()) return input;
        // 升序队列,这里是小顶堆
        priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int>> pq;
        
        for (auto num : input) {
            pq.push(num);
        }
        vector<int> res;
        while (k--) {
            res.push_back(pq.top());
            pq.pop();
        }
        
        return res;
    }
    
};

30.连续子数组的最大和

image-20220910000223206

总的来说就是dp,

dp数组的含义就是,当前位置出现的连续子数组和

初态,dp[0] = array[0]

状态改变,dp[i] = max(array[i], dp[i - 1] + array[i])

class Solution {
public:
    int FindGreatestSumOfSubArray(vector<int> array) {
        int len = array.size();
        
        vector<int> dp(len, 0);
        dp[0] = array[0];
        
        int maxNum = array[0];
        
        for (int i = 1; i <len; i++) {
            dp[i] = max(array[i], dp[i - 1] + array[i]);
            maxNum = max(maxNum, dp[i]);
        }
        
        return maxNum;
    }
};

可以对空间进行优化

class Solution {
public:
    int FindGreatestSumOfSubArray(vector<int> array) {
        int maxNum = array[0];
        
        for (int i = 1; i < array.size(); i++) {
            array[i] = max(0, array[i - 1]) + array[i];
            maxNum = max(maxNum, array[i]);
        }
        
        return maxNum;
    }
};

31.整数中1出现的次数

image-20220910010000945

class Solution {
public:
    int NumberOf1Between1AndN_Solution(int n) {
        if (n <= 0) return 0;
        if (n < 10) return 1;
        int high = n, pow = 1;
        
        while (high >= 10) {    // 取出 最高位,最高位对应的权重
            high /= 10;
            pow *= 10;
        }
        
        int last = n - high * pow;    // 取出除最高位剩余部分
        int cnt = high == 1 ? last + 1 : pow;
        
        return cnt + high * NumberOf1Between1AndN_Solution(pow - 1) + NumberOf1Between1AndN_Solution(last);
    }
};

32.把数组排成最小的数

image-20220910011211096

若 a+b < b + a 则 a 排在 b 前
如 2 21 因为 212 < 221 所以 排序后为 21 2
to_string() 可以将int 转化为string

class Solution {
public:
    string PrintMinNumber(vector<int> numbers) {
        vector<string> tmp;
        
        for (auto i : numbers) {
            // 将一个左值强制转化为右值引用
            tmp.push_back(std::move(to_string(i)));
        }
        sort(tmp.begin(), tmp.end(), [](const string& a, const string& b) {return a + b < b + a; });
        
        string ans;
        for (auto s : tmp) {
            ans += std::move(s);
        }
        return ans;
    }
};

33.丑数

image-20220911004741065

根据丑数特性,只能被2, 3, 5整除,所以一个丑数可以由另一个丑数乘以2, 3, 5得到,

从1开始,依次找到后面最小的丑数,加入容器中

class Solution {
public:
    int GetUglyNumber_Solution(int index) {
        if (index < 7) return index;
        
        vector<int> res(index, 0);
        res[0] = 1;    // 1为丑数
        
        int indexTwo = 0, indexThree = 0, indexFive = 0; 
        
        for (int i = 1; i < index; i++) {
            // 找到下一个最小的丑数
            int minNum = (min(res[indexTwo] * 2, res[indexThree] * 3), res[indexFive] * 5);
            if (minNum == res[indexTwo] * 2) indexTwo++;
            if (minNum == res[indexThree] * 3) indexThree++;
            if (minNum == res[indexFive] * 5) indexFive++;
            res[i] = minNum;
        }
        return res[index - 1];
    }
};

34.第一个只出现一次的字符

image-20220911005918793

class Solution {
public:
    int FirstNotRepeatingChar(string str) {
        unordered_map<char, int> umap;
        
        for (int i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
            umap[str[i]]++;
        }
        
        for (int i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
            if (umap[str[i]] == 1) return i;
        }
        
        return -1;
    }
};

35.数组中的逆序对

image-20220911012124101

class Solution {
public:   
    int mergeSort(vector<int>& data, vector<int>& tmp, int start, int end) {
        if (start >= end) return 0;

        int mid = start + (end - start) / 2;

        int res = mergeSort(data, tmp, start, mid) + mergeSort(data, tmp, mid + 1, end);

        int low1 = start, high1 = mid;
        int low2 = mid + 1, high2 = end;
        
        int tmpIndex = low1;
        while (low1 <= high1 && low2 <= high2) {
            if (data[low1] <= data[low2]) {
                tmp[tmpIndex++] = data[low1++];
            } else {
                tmp[tmpIndex++] = data[low2++];
                res += high1 - low1 + 1;
                res %= 1000000007;
            }
        }
        
        while (low1 <= high1) {
            tmp[tmpIndex++] = data[low1++];
        }
        while (low2 <= high2) {
            tmp[tmpIndex++] = data[low2++];
        }
        
        copy(tmp.begin() + start, tmp.begin() + end + 1, data.begin() + start);
        
        return res % 1000000007;
    }

    int InversePairs(vector<int> data) {
        if (data.size() == 0) return 0;
        
        vector<int> tmp(data.size());
        return mergeSort(data, tmp, 0, data.size() - 1);
    }
};

36.两个链表的第一个公共结点

image-20220911011959540

两根指针,走相同的路程(pHead1 + pHead2),会同时到达终点

也就是说,这两根指针最后会同时到达第一个公共的结点,然后一起到达终点

class Solution {
public:
    ListNode* FindFirstCommonNode( ListNode* pHead1, ListNode* pHead2) {
        ListNode* p1 = pHead1;
        ListNode* p2 = pHead2;
        
        while (p1 != p2) {
            p1 = (p1 == nullptr ? pHead2 : p1->next);
            p2 = (p2 == nullptr ? pHead1 : p2->next);
        }
        return p1;
    }
};

37.数字在升序数组中出现的次数

image-20220912005136313

二分,当查找到目标数组后,向前后扩展搜索

class Solution {
public:
    int GetNumberOfK(vector<int> data ,int k) {
        if (0 == data.size()) return 0;
        
        int low = 0, high = data.size() - 1;
        
        while (low <= high) {
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;
            
            if (data[mid] > k) high = mid - 1;
            else if (data[mid] < k) low = mid + 1;
            else {
                int cnt = 1;
                
                int index = mid - 1;
                while (index >= 0 && data[index] == k) {
                    cnt++;
                    index--;
                }
                index = mid + 1;
                while (index <= data.size() - 1 && data[index] == k) {
                    cnt++;
                    index++;
                }
                return cnt;
            }
        }
        return 0;
    }
};

38.二叉树的深度

image-20220912010136915

迭代版本

class Solution {
public:
    int TreeDepth(TreeNode* pRoot) {
        if (!pRoot) return 0;
        queue<pair<TreeNode*, int>> q;
        q.push(make_pair(pRoot, 1));
        
        int maxDepth = 1;
        while (!q.empty()) {
            TreeNode* curNode = q.front().first;
            int curDepth = q.front().second;
            q.pop();
            
            if (curNode) {
                maxDepth = max(maxDepth, curDepth);
                q.push({curNode->left, curDepth + 1});
                q.push({curNode->right, curDepth + 1});
            }
        }
	    return maxDepth;
    }
};

递归版本

class Solution {
public:
    int TreeDepth(TreeNode* pRoot) {
        if (!pRoot) return 0;
         
        int leftDepth = TreeDepth(pRoot->left);
        int rightDepth = TreeDepth(pRoot->right);
         
        return 1 + max(leftDepth, rightDepth);
    }
};

39.判断是不是平衡二叉树

image-20220912115217338

自顶向下

class Solution {
public:
    int getDepth(TreeNode * node){
        if(node == nullptr) return 0;
        
        return 1 + max(getDepth(node->left), getDepth(node->right));
    }

    bool IsBalanced_Solution(TreeNode* pRoot) {

        if(pRoot == nullptr) return true;

        return abs(getDepth(pRoot->left) - getDepth(pRoot->right)) <= 1 &&
            IsBalanced_Solution(pRoot->left) && IsBalanced_Solution(pRoot->right);
    }
};

上面做法,出现个问题就是会重复遍历

自底向上

class Solution {
public:
    int getDepth(TreeNode* node) {
        if (!node) return 0;
         
        int leftDepth = getDepth(node->left);
        if (leftDepth == -1) return -1;
         
        int rightDepth = getDepth(node->right);
        if (rightDepth == -1) return -1;
         
        if (abs(leftDepth - rightDepth) > 1) {
            return -1;
        } else {
            return 1 + max(leftDepth, rightDepth);
        }
    }
 
    bool IsBalanced_Solution(TreeNode* pRoot) {
        if (!pRoot) return true;
        return getDepth(pRoot) != -1;
    }
};

40.数组中只出现一次的数字

image-20220912123652905

使用异或,根据异或特性,两个相同的值异或值为0,0异或任何数值为其本身

思路是,

​通过异或,将数组中成对的值都抵消,求出两个不相同数的异或的值

从右边找到第一个1的位的位置,可以根据这个位,将数组分为两个子数 组,这样就将两个不同的值分开

​然后再分别异或两个子数组求出两个值

class Solution {
public:
    bool isBit_1(int num, int sign) {
        num >>= sign;
        return (num & 1);
    }
    
    void FindNumsAppearOnce(vector<int> data,int* num1,int *num2) {
        int num = 0;
        // 找到不同的两个数字异或的值
        for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
            num ^= data[i];
        }
        
        // 从右边找到第一个1的位的位置
        int sign = 0;
        while ((num & 1) == 0 && sign < 32) {
            num >>= 1;
            sign++;
        }
        
        *num1 = 0, *num2 = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
            if (isBit_1(data[i], sign)) {	// 分组,为1的一组,为0的一组
                *num1 ^= data[i];
            } else {
                *num2 ^= data[i];
            }
        }
    }
};
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