99 恢复二叉搜索树

题目：给你二叉搜索树的根节点 root ，该树中的 恰好 两个节点的值被错误地交换。请在不改变其结构的情况下，恢复这棵树 。

方法一：显示中式遍历

class Solution {
public:
    void inorder(TreeNode* root, vector<int>& nums) {
        if (root == nullptr) {
            return;
        }
        inorder(root->left, nums);
        nums.push_back(root->val);
        inorder(root->right, nums);
    }

    pair<int,int> findTwoSwapped(vector<int>& nums) {
        int n = nums.size();
        int index1 = -1, index2 = -1;
        for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
            if (nums[i + 1] < nums[i]) {
                index2 = i + 1;
                if (index1 == -1) {
                    index1 = i;
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        int x = nums[index1], y = nums[index2];
        return {x, y};
    }      //找到两个被错误互换的值
    
    void recover(TreeNode* r, int count, int x, int y) {
        if (r != nullptr) {
            if (r->val == x || r->val == y) {
                r->val = r->val == x ? y : x;
                if (--count == 0) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            recover(r->left, count, x, y);
            recover(r->right, count, x, y);
        }
    }

    void recoverTree(TreeNode* root) {
        vector<int> nums;
        inorder(root, nums);
        pair<int,int> swapped= findTwoSwapped(nums);
        recover(root, 2, swapped.first, swapped.second);
    }
};

方法二 隐式中式遍历

class Solution {
public:
    void recoverTree(TreeNode* root) {
        stack<TreeNode*> stk;
        TreeNode* x = nullptr;
        TreeNode* y = nullptr;
        TreeNode* pred = nullptr;

        while (!stk.empty() || root != nullptr) {
            while (root != nullptr) {
                stk.push(root);
                root = root->left;
            }
            root = stk.top();
            stk.pop();
            if (pred != nullptr && root->val < pred->val) {
                y = root;
                if (x == nullptr) {
                    x = pred;
                }
                else break;
            }
            pred = root;
            root = root->right;
        }

        swap(x->val, y->val);
    }
};

方法三 Morris 中序遍历

class Solution {
public:
    void recoverTree(TreeNode* root) {
        TreeNode *x = nullptr, *y = nullptr, *pred = nullptr, *predecessor = nullptr;

        while (root != nullptr) {
            if (root->left != nullptr) {
                // predecessor 节点就是当前 root 节点向左走一步，然后一直向右走至无法走为止
                predecessor = root->left;
                while (predecessor->right != nullptr && predecessor->right != root) {
                    predecessor = predecessor->right;
                }
                
                // 让 predecessor 的右指针指向 root，继续遍历左子树
                if (predecessor->right == nullptr) {
                    predecessor->right = root;
                    root = root->left;
                }
                // 说明左子树已经访问完了，我们需要断开链接
                else {
                    if (pred != nullptr && root->val < pred->val) {
                        y = root;
                        if (x == nullptr) {
                            x = pred;
                        }
                    }
                    pred = root;

                    predecessor->right = nullptr;
                    root = root->right;
                }
            }
            // 如果没有左孩子，则直接访问右孩子
            else {
                if (pred != nullptr && root->val < pred->val) {
                    y = root;
                    if (x == nullptr) {
                        x = pred;
                    }
                }
                pred = root;
                root = root->right;
            }
        }
        swap(x->val, y->val);
    }
};