4. 子查询
子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套查询
4.1 单行子查询
返回一行记录的子查询
显示SMITH同一部门的员工
mysql> select * from emp where deptno = (select deptno from emp where ename = 'SMITH');
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2 多行子查询
返回多行记录的子查询
in关键字:
查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字,岗位,工资,部门号,但是不包含10自己的
不能用=判断,因为job存在着多种情况
mysql> select * from emp where job in (select job from emp where deptno = "10");
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from emp where job in (select job from emp where deptno = "10") and deptno <> "10";
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
all关键字:
显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号
# 要找到比30部门所有员工工资高的人,只需要先找到30部门中工资最高的即可!
mysql> select * from emp where sal > (select max(sal) from emp where deptno = '30');
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 也可以使用all关键字
mysql> select * from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno = '30');
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
any关键字:
显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号(包含自己部门的员工)
# 要找到比30部门任意员工工资低的人,只需要先找到30部门中工资最低的即可!
mysql> select * from emp where sal > (select min(sal) from emp where deptno = '30');
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 也可以使用any关键字
mysql> select * from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno = '30');
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 007521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.3 多列子查询
单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列,单行数据;
多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据,都是针对单列而言的,而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句
案例:
查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员,不含SMITH本人
mysql> select * from emp where (job,deptno) = (select job,deptno from emp where ename = "SMITH") and ename <> "SMITH";
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.4 在from子句中使用子查询
子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧,把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。
案例:
显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
//获取各个部门的平均工资,将其看作临时表
mysql> select ename, deptno, sal, format(asal,2) from emp, (select avg(sal) asal, deptno dt from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.sal > tmp.asal and emp.deptno=tmp.dt;
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
| ename | deptno | sal | format(asal,2) |
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
| KING | 10 | 5000.00 | 2,916.67 |
| JONES | 20 | 2975.00 | 2,175.00 |
| SCOTT | 20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00 |
| FORD | 20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00 |
| ALLEN | 30 | 1600.00 | 1,566.67 |
| BLAKE | 30 | 2850.00 | 1,566.67 |
+-------+--------+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
mysql> select * from emp where sal in (select max(sal) from emp group by deptno);
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select emp.ename, emp.sal, emp.deptno, ms from emp, (select max(sal) ms, deptno from emp group by deptno) tmp where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and emp.sal=tmp.ms;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal | deptno | ms |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
显示每个部门的信息(部门名,编号,地址)和人员数量
方法1:使用多表
不推荐这种方式:因为即使group by 只是按照dept.deptno分组,但是后面还是得加上dept.dname ,dept.loc
mysql> select dept.dname, dept.deptno, dept.loc,count(*) '部门人数' from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno group by dept.deptno,dept.dname,dept.loc;
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
| dname | deptno | loc | 部门人数 |
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
| ACCOUNTING | 10 | NEW YORK | 3 |
| RESEARCH | 20 | DALLAS | 5 |
| SALES | 30 | CHICAGO | 6 |
+------------+--------+----------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
方法2:使用子查询
mysql> select dept.deptno, dept.dname,dept.loc,mycount from dept,(select deptno,count(*) mycount from emp group by deptno) t1 where dept.deptno = t1.deptno;
+--------+------------+----------+---------+
| deptno | dname | loc | mycount |
+--------+------------+----------+---------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 3 |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | 5 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | 6 |
+--------+------------+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.5 合并查询
在实际应用中,为了合并多个select的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符 union,union all
4.5.1 union
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。
案例:
将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select ename, sal, job from EMP where sal>2500 union select ename, sal, job from EMP where job='MANAGER';
--去掉了重复记录
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal | job |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| KING | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER |
+-------+---------+-----------+
4.5.2 union all
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,不会去掉结果集中的重复行。
案例:
将工资大于25000或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select ename, sal, job from EMP where sal>2500 union all
-> select ename, sal, job from EMP where job='MANAGER';
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal | job |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| KING | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER |
+-------+---------+-----------+
5. 实战OJ
牛客:获取所有非manager的员工emp_no
牛客:获取所有员工当前的manager,获取所有员工当前的manager,如果当前的manager是自己
的话结果不显示,当前表示to_date='9999-01-01