1.请求对象的概述
请求:获取资源。在BS架构中,就是客户端浏览器向服务器端发出询问
请求对象:就是在项目当中用于发送请求的对象
2.获取各种路径的方法
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
String | getContextPath() | 获取虚拟目录名称 |
String | getServletPath() | 获取Servlet映射路径 |
String | getRemoteAddr() | 获取访问者ip地址 |
String | getQueryString() | 获取请求的消息数据 |
String | getRequersURI() | 获取统一资源标识符 |
StringBuffer | getRequestURL() | 获取统一资源定位符 |
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletDemo01")
public class ServletDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取虚拟目录名称 getContextPath()
String contextPath = req.getContextPath();
System.out.println(contextPath);
//2.获取Servlet映射路径 getServletPath()
String servletPath = req.getServletPath();
System.out.println(servletPath);
//3.获取访问者ip getRemoteAddr()
String ip = req.getRemoteAddr();
System.out.println(ip);
//4.获取请求消息的数据 getQueryString() url?后边的字符串(查询字符串)
String queryString = req.getQueryString();
System.out.println(queryString);
//5.获取统一资源标识符 getRequestURI() /request/servletDemo01 共和国
String requestURI = req.getRequestURI();
System.out.println(requestURI);
//6.获取统一资源定位符 getRequestURL() http://localhost:8080/request/servletDemo01 中华人民共和国
StringBuffer requestURL = req.getRequestURL();
System.out.println(requestURL);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
3.获取请求头信息的方法
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
String | getHeader(String name) | 根据请求头名称获取一个值 |
Enumeration<String> | getHeaders(String name) | 根据请求头名称获取多个值 |
Enumeration<String> | getHeaderNames() | 获取所有请求头名称 |
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
/*
获取请求头信息的相关方法
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo02")
public class ServletDemo02 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.根据请求头名称获取一个值
String connection = req.getHeader("connection");
System.out.println(connection);
System.out.println("-------------------");
//2.根据请求头名称获取多个值
Enumeration<String> values = req.getHeaders("accept-encoding");
while(values.hasMoreElements()) {
String value = values.nextElement();
System.out.println(value);
}
System.out.println("-------------------");
//3.获取所有的请求头名称
Enumeration<String> names = req.getHeaderNames();
while(names.hasMoreElements()) {
String name = names.nextElement();
String value = req.getHeader(name);
System.out.println(name + "," + value);
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
4. 获取请求参数信息的方法
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
String | getParameter(String name) | 根据名称获取数据 |
String[] | getParameterValues(String name) | 根据名称获取所有数据 |
Enumeration<String> | getParameterNames() | 获取所有名称 |
Map<String,String[]> | getParameterMap() | 获取所有参数的键值对 |
在web目录下创建regist.html文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>注册页面</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/request/servletDemo03" method="get" autocomplete="off">
姓名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
爱好:<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="study">学习
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="game">游戏 <br>
<button type="submit">注册</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
/*
获取请求参数信息的相关方法
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo03")
public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.根据名称获取数据 getParameter()
String username = req.getParameter("username");
System.out.println(username);
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println("--------------------");
//2.根据名称获取所有数据 getParameterValues()
String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobby");
for(String hobby : hobbies) {
System.out.println(hobby);
}
System.out.println("--------------------");
//3.获取所有名称 getParameterNames()
Enumeration<String> names = req.getParameterNames();
while(names.hasMoreElements()) {
String name = names.nextElement();
System.out.println(name);
}
System.out.println("--------------------");
//4.获取所有参数的键值对 getParameterMap()
Map<String, String[]> map = req.getParameterMap();
for(String key : map.keySet()) {
String[] values = map.get(key);
System.out.print(key + ":");
for(String value : values) {
System.out.print(value + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
5.获取参数手动封装对象
三种封装方式
1.手动封装反射
2.反射封装方式
3.工具类封装方式
新建bean.Student类
package bean;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Student {
private String username;
private String password;
private String[] hobby;
public Student() {
}
public Student(String username, String password, String[] hobby) {
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
this.hobby = hobby;
}
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public String[] getHobby() {
return hobby;
}
public void setHobby(String[] hobby) {
this.hobby = hobby;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" +
"username='" + username + '\'' +
", password='" + password + '\'' +
", hobby=" + Arrays.toString(hobby) +
'}';
}
}
package servlet;
import bean.Student;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/*
封装对象--手动方式
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo04")
public class ServletDemo04 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取所有的数据
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobby");
//2.封装学生对象
Student stu = new Student(username,password,hobbies);
//3.输出对象
System.out.println(stu);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
修改regist.html
<form action="/request/servletDemo04" method="get" autocomplete="off">
6.获取参数反射封装对象
package servlet;
import bean.Student;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.beans.PropertyDescriptor;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.Map;
/*
封装对象--反射方式
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo05")
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取所有的数据
Map<String, String[]> map = req.getParameterMap();
//2.封装学生对象
Student stu = new Student();
//2.1遍历集合
for(String name : map.keySet()) {
String[] value = map.get(name);
try {
//2.2获取Student对象的属性描述器
//构造函数的第一个参数决定是哪个属性的描述器。第二个参数是当前属性所属对象的字节码
PropertyDescriptor pd = new PropertyDescriptor(name,stu.getClass());
//2.3获取对应的setXxx方法
Method writeMethod = pd.getWriteMethod();
//2.4执行方法
if(value.length > 1) {
writeMethod.invoke(stu,(Object)value);//如果是多个属性值(爱好),需要转换为object
}else {
writeMethod.invoke(stu,value);//通过当前属性描述器的写入方法,将value写入stu对象的这个属性身上
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//3.输出对象
System.out.println(stu);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
<form action="/request/servletDemo05" method="get" autocomplete="off">
7.获取参数工具类封装对象
导入jar包
package servlet;
import bean.Student;
import org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanUtils;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Map;
/*
封装对象--工具类方式
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo06")
public class ServletDemo06 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取所有的数据
Map<String, String[]> map = req.getParameterMap();
//2.封装学生对象
Student stu = new Student();
try {
BeanUtils.populate(stu,map);//将map中的数据,封装到stu对象中(就这么一句话就搞定了)
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//3.输出对象
System.out.println(stu);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
<form action="/request/servletDemo06" method="get" autocomplete="off">
8.流对象获取请求信息
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
BufferedReader | getReader() | 获取字符输入流 |
ServletInputStream | getInputStream() | 获取字节输入流 |
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletDemo07")
public class ServletDemo07 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//字符流(必须是post方式)
/*BufferedReader br = req.getReader();
String line;
while((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}*/
//br.close();//这个流是从req对象中获取的,不是自己创建的,所以不需要关闭
//字节流 (应用场景,请求参数中有二进制文件(图片)时)
ServletInputStream is = req.getInputStream();
byte[] arr = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len = is.read(arr)) != -1) {
System.out.println(new String(arr,0,len));
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
<!--如果是字符流,post请求方式-->
<form action="/request/servletDemo06" method="post" autocomplete="off">
流方式获取到的中文,会进行编码,所以看到的姓名是编码后的
解决乱码问题
GET 方式
没有乱码问题。在 Tomcat 8版本后已经解决
POST 方式
有乱码问题。可以通过 setCharacterEncoding() 方法来解决
//设置编码格式
req.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
9.请求域
请求域(request域):可以在一次请求范围内进行共享数据。
一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据。
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
void | setAttribute(String name,Object value) | 向请求域对象中储存数据 |
Object | getAttribute(String name) | 通过名称获取请求域对象中的数据 |
void | removeAttribute(String name) | 通过名称移除请求域对象中的数据 |
请求到ServletA,实现的功能,需要用到ServletB,那这时候就可以在ServletA将请求转发到ServletB
那ServletB中可能会用到ServletA中的数据,那这时候就涉及到数据共享了
在这里如果使用应用域来共享数据,就有点浪费了,因为我们只是在这次请求中需要共享数据,不是整个应用
所以就用到了请求域
10.请求转发
请求转发:客户端的一次请求到达后,发现需要借助其他Servle来实现功能
特点:
浏览器地址栏不变
域对象中的数据不丢失
负责转发的 Servlet 转发前后的响应正文会丢失 (ServletA的响应正文会丢失,由ServletB响应客户端)
由转发的目的地来响应客户端
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
RequestDispatcher | getRequestDispatcher(String name) | 获取请求调度对象 |
void | forward(ServletRequest req,ServletResponse resp) | 实现转发 |
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/*
请求转发
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo09")
public class ServletDemo09 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//设置共享数据
req.setAttribute("encoding","gbk");
//获取请求调度对象
RequestDispatcher rd = req.getRequestDispatcher("/servletDemo10");
//实现转发功能
rd.forward(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/*
请求转发
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo10")
public class ServletDemo10 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取共享数据
Object encoding = req.getAttribute("encoding");
System.out.println(encoding);
System.out.println("servletDemo10执行了...");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
11.请求包含
在实际开发中,我们可能需要把两个Servlet的内容合并到一起来响应浏览器,而HTTP协议的特点是一请求,一响应的方式
所以绝对不可能出现有两个Servlet同时响应方式。那么我们就需要用到请求包含,把两个Servlet的响应内容合并输出
请求包含:可以合并其他 Servlet 中的功能一起响应给客户端
特点:
浏览器地址栏不变
域对象中的数据不丢失
被包含的 Servlet 响应头会丢失
返回值 | 方法名 | 说明 |
---|---|---|
RequestDispatcher | getRequestDispatcher(String name) | 获取请求调度对象 |
void | include(ServletRequest req,ServletResponse resp) | 实现包含 |
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/*
请求包含
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo11")
public class ServletDemo11 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("servletDemo11执行了...");
//获取请求调度对象
RequestDispatcher rd = req.getRequestDispatcher("/servletDemo12");
//实现包含功能
rd.include(req,resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
package servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/*
请求包含
*/
@WebServlet("/servletDemo12")
public class ServletDemo12 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("servletDemo12执行了...");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}