C语言结构体基础

结构体基础

知识联系

内置类型(基本数据类型)：整型 浮点 字符 布尔
数组类型：int arr[] = {1,2,3,};
指针类型：int* p = arr;
自定义类型：结构体类型

结构体设计

struct Student{
	属性(成员变量)
	char name[100];
	int age;
	char sex[4];
	int id;
	double socre;
};

结构体设计比较

//一个结构体变量总字节数为120Byte
struct Student
{
	char name[100];
	int age;
	char sex[4];
	int id;
	double score;
};

//一个结构体变量总字节数为24Byte
struct Student
{
	const char* name;
	int age;
	char sex[4];
	int id;
	double score;
};

结构体使用

结构体变量，通过 . 访问内部成员

//定义结构体变量，并且访问内部成员
	struct Student stu = { "zs",10,"男",1,95.5 };// .c .cpp 文件都可以
	Student stu = { "zs",10,"男",1,95.5 };// .cpp文件可以 .c 文件不可以
	printf("%s  %d\n", stu .name,stu .age);

结构体指针

struct Student* p = &stu ;

结构体指针变量p进行成员访问 -> 指向符

(*p).name <=> p->name //两者是等价的

注意：运算符 . 的优先级高于 *，所以加( )

测试结果

#include<stdio.h>
struct Student
{
	char name[100];
	int age;
	char sex[4];
	int id;
	double score;
};
int main() {
	struct Student stu = { "zs",10,"男",1,95.5 };
	Student ls = { "zs",10,"男",1,95.5 };
	printf("%s  %d\n", stu.name, stu.age);
	struct Student* p = &stu;
	printf("%s  %d", p->name,(*p).age);
	return 0;
}

错误案例

(*p).name = "lisi"//error!!!
//修改
strcpy((*p).name,"lisi");
//大多数写法
strcpy(p->name,"lisi");

typedef 在结构体中的用法

struct Bankcard
{
	int id;
	int passwd;
	int money;
};
typedef struct Bankcard Bankcard;
typedef struct Bankcard* PCard;

//上面的定义可以这样简化
struct Bankcard
{
	int id;
	int passwd;
	int money;
}Bankcard,*PCard;

int main() {
	Bankcard card = { 1,1,1 };
	PCard pointer = &card;
	return 0;
}

在.c文件中可以这样设计

typedef struct Bankcard
{
	int id;
	int passwd;
	int money;
}Bankcard,*PCard;//同时重新定义结构体和结构体指针
int main() {
	Bankcard card = { 1,1,1 };
	PCard pointer = &card;
	return 0;
}

结构体嵌套

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string>
typedef struct Address {
	const char* province;
	const char* city;
}Adddress;
typedef struct Student {
	const char* name;
	int age;
	int id;
	Address address;
}Student;
typedef struct User {
	const char* IdCard;
	const char* name;
	Adddress address;
};
typedef struct BankCard {
	int id;
	int passwd;
	int money;
	const char* BankName;
	User user;
};
int main() {
	Student stu ={"zs",10,1,{"陕西省","西安市"}};
	printf("%s\n", stu.address.province);
	BankCard bankcard = { 1,1,1,"建行",{"2332","张三",{"陕西省","西安市"}} };
	printf("%s\n", bankcard.user.IdCard);
	return 0;
}

结构体数组

typedef struct Student {
	const char* name;
	int age;
	int id;
}Student;
main(){
	Student arr[]={{"张三"，20.001},{"李四"，21.002}};//定义结构体数组并初始化
	arr[1].id=003;//访问结构体的元素
}