【MySQL】多表查询的使用

1. 熟悉常见的表

DESC employees;
DESC departments;
DESC locations;

引入：查询一个员工(ABEL)在哪个城市工作

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT * 
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = 80;

SELECT *
FROM locations
WHERE location_id = 2500;

但是这样进行了三次查询,会比较浪费网络资源

2. 正确的多表查询

错误的实现方式

SELECT employeea_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments;

这样查询出了2889条记录
这样就像是每个员工在所有部门都干过,说明每个员工斗鱼每个部门匹配了一遍
这叫作:出现笛卡尔积的错误
笛卡尔积:又叫交叉连接
假设有两个集合x,Y,那么x和y的笛卡尔积就是x和y的所有可能组合

正确的实现方式：需要有连接条件

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id` = departments.`department_id`;
# 着重号可以不写:``

延申:如果查询语句中出现了多个表中都存在的字段,则必须指明此字段所在的表

SELECT employee_id,department_name,departments.department_id
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id` = departments.`department_id`;

建议:都指明字段所在的表

3.可以给表起别名,在select和where中使用

SELECT emp.employee_id,emp.department_name,dept.department_id
FROM employees emp,departments dept
WHERE emp.department_id = dept.department_id;

但是:写了别名以后,一旦在select或者where中使用了别名的话,就必须使用别名!

练习:如果有n个表查询,则至少需要n-1个连接条件

SELECT employee_id,department_name,d.department_id,city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id = l.location_id;

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4.多表查询的分类

• 角度一:
  • 等值连接和非等值连接
• 角度二:
  • 自连接和非自连接
• 角度三:
  • 内连接和外连接

等值连接:就是上面写的几条,有等好的语句
非等值连接:

SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,j.grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades j
WHERE e.`salary` BETWEEN j.`lowest_sal` AND j.`highest_sal`;

自连接和非自连接:

练习:查询员工id,员工姓名及其管理者的id和姓名

SELECT emp.employee_id,emp.last_name,mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name
FROM employees emp,employees mgr
WHERE emp.`manager_id` = mgr.`employee_id`

内连接和外连接

内连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行,结果集中不包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行(即交集)

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id;
# 只有106条记录

外连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行,结果集中除了包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行之外,还查询到了左表或右表中不匹配的行

外连接又分为:(类似于韦恩图)

• 左外连接:59+41

  • 左外连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行,结果集中除了包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行之外,还查询到了左表中不匹配的行

• 右外连接:39+41
  • #####右外连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行,结果集中除了包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行之外,还查询到了右表中不匹配的行
• 满外连接:59+41+39

  • 满连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行,结果集中除了包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行之外,还查询到了左表和右表中不匹配的行

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5.MYSQL中内外连接的实现:

问题:查询所有的员工的last_name,department_name信息.

只要是查询所有的信息,就要考虑外连接!!!

SQL92语法(可惜的是,MySQL不支持,我们了解就行)

SQL92语法的内连接实现:

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id;

SQL92语法的外连接实现:使用 +

此题条件:左表中有个人没有部分数据,但是我们必须要把他显示出来,需要使用左外

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.department_id(+);

记忆小技巧:想象人的两条腿,哪条腿短,就将哪条腿垫高(+)
这样在mysql中是错误的

SQl99语法(mysql支持这种方式:)

使用JOIN…ON的方式实现多表的查询,这种方式也能解决外连接的问题

SQl99实现内连接:

SELECT last_name,department_name,city
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.department_id
JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`;

SQL99实现左外连接(outer可以省略):加上了那些没有部门的人

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

右外连接:加上了那些没有人的部门

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

满外连接:

但是:MySQL不支持FULL OUTER JOIN

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

解决办法:union和union all语句

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6.union和union all语句

UNION : 自动去掉中间的一份重复部分(还剩一份)
UNION ALL :不去掉中间的重复部分(两份交集)
能用union ALL 就不要用union(效率低了)

7种jion的实现:

1. 中图:内连接:

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

2. 左上图:左外

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

3. 右上图:右外

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

4. 左中图:

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.department_id IS NULL;

5. 右中图

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

6.左下图(满外)

• 方法一.左上图 UNION ALL 右中图

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

• 方法二.左中图 UNION ALL 右上图

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.department_id IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

7.右下图:左中图 UNION ALL 右中图

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.department_id IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

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7. SQL99语法的新特性1：自然连接

可以把自然连接理解为SQL92中的等值连接，他会帮你自动查询两张连接表中的所有相同的字段，然后进行等值连接。

虽然很简洁，但是并不灵活

SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e NATURAL JOIN departments d;

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8. SQL99语法的新特性2：using的使用

但是这个不适用于自连接！！！

SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING(department_id);