Student’s information
| The Link Your Class | https://bbs.csdn.net/forums/ssynkqtd-04 |
| The Link of Requirement of This Assignment | https://bbs.csdn.net/topics/617332156 |
| The Aim of This Assignment | Create a calculator with a visual interface. |
| MU STU ID and FZU STU ID | 21125864_832101112 |
Github link
All the code is open source, the following is the Github link:
Catalogue
III. Description of problem-solving ideas
IV. Design and implementation process
ii. Calculation(add, subtract, multiply, divide and exponentiation)
I. Introduction
This blog is about how to create a simple calculator with a visual interface using Python code. In this blog, I'll cover the description of problem-solving ideas, the design and implementation process, the code description, and a demonstration video for this simple calculator. The development steps and design ideas of the code are introduced in detail.
II. PSP form
| Personal Software Process Stages | Estimated Time（minutes） | Actual Time（minutes） |
| Planning | 30 | 25 |
| • Estimate | 30 | 25 |
| Development | 210 | 190 |
| • Analysis | 15 | 20 |
| • Design Spec | 30 | 25 |
| • Design Review | 10 | 10 |
| • Coding Standard | 15 | 10 |
| • Design | 20 | 25 |
| • Coding | 60 | 70 |
| • Code Review | 20 | 10 |
| • Test | 40 | 20 |
| Reporting | 40 | 55 |
| • Test Repor | 10 | 15 |
| • Size Measurement | 10 | 16 |
| • Postmortem & Process Improvement Plan | 20 | 25 |
| Sum | 280 | 270 |
III. Description of problem-solving ideas
1. Problem restatement
The calculator designed by this blog mainly meets the following two needs:
① Basic requirement: Implement addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and clear functions.
② Advanced requirement: Implement functionality for exponentiation, trigonometric functions, and more.
2. Problem analysis
When it comes to designing the user interface and interaction for this calculator application, the primary task is to ensure a user-friendly and seamless user experience. The user interface should allow users to easily input numbers, perform operations, and display the calculation results clearly. Simultaneously, we must carry out input validation to ensure that the data entered by users is valid.
In terms of calculation logic and implementation, we need to design the underlying logic of the calculator, including how various mathematical operations and function calculations are performed. This may require the use of algorithms and mathematical libraries to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of calculations. Finally, we need to write code to implement all the functionalities of the calculator, including the user interface, error handling, and mathematical operation logic. Through careful design and implementation, we can provide users with a powerful and user-friendly calculator application.
IV. Design and implementation process
1. GUI creation
I chose to use python's tkinter module to create the GUI. With the tkinter module, I can easily set the GUI size, color, etc. The following numbers and arithmetic functions will be implemented and displayed on the GUI.
Tkinter module is Python standard TK GUI toolkit interface, can achieve some relatively simple GUI creation. The reasons for choosing the tkinter module are as follows:
① Tkinter module is fully functional;
② Faster running speed;
③ When developing, the statements used are shorter and more understandable.
2. Input and output
○ I set the buttons to input the numbers and arithmetic functions. Because this can avoid illegal symbol input.
○ In addition, I set up a Label to display the input information and results of the calculator.
3. Click function
○ Through a custom function, the click status and record of the button are displayed on the Label.
4. Arithmetic function
○ For basic operations and exponentiation, by reading the click record of a button, the string expression of the read click record is converted to the result of the expression by the eval() function.
○ For trigonometric functions, by reading the click record of the button, the eval() function is used to obtain the result of the previous click record, and then the math module is used to perform trigonometric operations on the result of the operation, and finally the output result is obtained.
○ If there is an illegal string expression during the calculation process, the operation stops and the output is "error".
5. Reset and back operation
○ For the reset operation, clear the record and return an empty character to the Label.
○ For the back operation, by the operation of the list, the last character is ignored and the remaining characters are returned to the Label.
6. The flow chart
The following is a rough flow chart of the simple calculator:
V. Code description
1. Import module
Import the tkinter and math modules
from tkinter import *
import math2. Layout window
Lay out a window and set its size, transparency, and background color.
# Create main window
root = Tk()
# Set application name
root.title('Calculator')
# Set window size
root.geometry('215x250+150+150')
# Set window transparency
root.attributes("-alpha", 0.9)
# Set the main window background color
root["background"] = "#ffffff"Hint:
The geometry method takes a string argument and sets the width and height of the program and the xy coordinates in the upper left corner. The width and height must be connected with a lowercase letter x, and other data must be connected with a + sign.
3. Set display frame
Set a Label to display the click record and the result.
# Sets a StringVar variable
result_num = StringVar()
# Initialize a character whose result_num is empty
result_num.set('')
# Set a Label to display the value of result_num, and set the size of the Label
Label(root,
textvariable=result_num, height=2, width=29, justify=LEFT, anchor=SE
).grid(row=1,column=1, columnspan=4)4. Set buttons
Sets the color, position, and label of the buttons.
# Set the first row button
button_reset=Button(root, text='C', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_back=Button(root, text='←', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_division=Button(root, text='÷', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_multiplication=Button(root, text='x', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_reset.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=4, pady=2)
button_back.grid(row=2, column=2, padx=4, pady=2)
button_division.grid(row=2, column=3, padx=4, pady=2)
button_multiplication.grid(row=2, column=4, padx=4, pady=2)
# Set the second row button
button_7=Button(root, text='7', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_8=Button(root, text='8', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_9=Button(root, text='9', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_subtraction=Button(root, text='-', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_7.grid(row=3, column=1, padx=4, pady=2)
button_8.grid(row=3, column=2, padx=4, pady=2)
button_9.grid(row=3, column=3, padx=4, pady=2)
button_subtraction.grid(row=3, column=4, padx=4, pady=2)
#Set the third row button
button_4=Button(root, text='4', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_5=Button(root, text='5', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_6=Button(root, text='6', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_pluss=Button(root, text='+', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_4.grid(row=4, column=1, padx=4, pady=2)
button_5.grid(row=4, column=2, padx=4, pady=2)
button_6.grid(row=4, column=3, padx=4, pady=2)
button_pluss.grid(row=4, column=4, padx=4, pady=2)
# Set the fourth row button
button_1=Button(root, text='1', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_2=Button(root, text='2', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_3=Button(root, text='3', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_equal=Button(root, text='=', width=5, height=3, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_1.grid(row=5, column=1, padx=4, pady=2)
button_2.grid(row=5, column=2, padx=4, pady=2)
button_3.grid(row=5, column=3, padx=4, pady=2)
button_equal.grid(row=5, column=4, padx=4, pady=2, rowspan=2)
#Set the fifth row button
button_0=Button(root, text='0', width=13, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_dot=Button(root, text='.', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#eacda1")
button_0.grid(row=6, column=1, padx=4, pady=2, columnspan=2)
button_dot.grid(row=6, column=3, padx=4, pady=2)
# Set the sixth row button
button_exp=Button(root, text='^', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_cos=Button(root, text='cos', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_sin=Button(root, text='sin', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_tan=Button(root, text='tan', width=5, relief=FLAT, background="#b1b2b2")
button_exp.grid(row=7, column=1, padx=4, pady=2)
button_cos.grid(row=7, column=2, padx=4, pady=2)
button_sin.grid(row=7, column=3, padx=4, pady=2)
button_tan.grid(row=7, column=4, padx=4, pady=2)5. Wrapper function
i. Click
Get clicks and record click history.
def click(x):
result_num.set(result_num.get() + x)ii. Calculation(add, subtract, multiply, divide and exponentiation)
Calculate the result using the eval() function.
def calculation():
try:
# read record
opt_str = result_num.get()
# calculation
result = eval(opt_str)
# display the output
result_num.set(str(result))
except:
# display "error"
result_num.set("error")iii. Trigonometric functions
The calculation of the trigonometric function is similar to that of the calculation function, but the calculation of the corresponding trigonometric function is added.
(1) Cosine calculation
def cosine():
try:
opt_str = result_num.get()
result = eval(opt_str)
result_num.set(math.cos(result))
except:
result_num.set("error")
(2) Sine calculation
def sine():
try:
opt_str = result_num.get()
result = eval(opt_str)
result_num.set(math.sin(result))
except:
result_num.set("error")(3) Tangent calculation
def tangent():
try:
opt_str = result_num.get()
result = eval(opt_str)
result_num.set(math.tan(result))
except:
result_num.set("error")iv. Reset
The reset function is to empty the click record and return an empty character.
def reset():
result_num.set('')v. Back
The back function deletes the characters in the click record by the operation of the list.
def back():
temp_equ = result_num.get()
result_num.set(temp_equ[:-1])6. Equip the function to the button
Associate buttons with functions.
button_1.config(command=lambda: click('1'))
button_2.config(command=lambda: click('2'))
button_3.config(command=lambda: click('3'))
button_4.config(command=lambda: click('4'))
button_5.config(command=lambda: click('5'))
button_6.config(command=lambda: click('6'))
button_7.config(command=lambda: click('7'))
button_8.config(command=lambda: click('8'))
button_9.config(command=lambda: click('9'))
button_0.config(command=lambda: click('0'))
button_pluss.config(command=lambda: click('+'))
button_subtraction.config(command=lambda: click('-'))
button_multiplication.config(command=lambda: click('*'))
button_division.config(command=lambda: click('/'))
button_dot.config(command=lambda: click('.'))
button_equal.config(command=calculation)
button_reset.config(command=reset)
button_back.config(command=back)
button_exp.config(command=lambda: click('**'))
button_cos.config(command=cosine)
button_sin.config(command=sine)
button_tan.config(command=tangent)
7. Set the main loop
Set the main loop to run the program continuously
# Set the main loop
root.mainloop() VI. Displaying result
Here's a demo video of the code:
demo video
VII. Summary
In this blog, I use python's library functions to build a GUI to implement the functionality of a simple calculator. The calculator not only realizes basic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but also realizes exponential operation and trigonometric function calculation. Although the implementation code is simple, it accomplishes the task requirements efficiently.
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