如何配置mysql主从

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于 2024-03-08 08:23:43 发布

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文章标签： mysql 数据库

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_65309423/article/details/136551413

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mysql主从

1. 主从简介

在现代企业中，数据显得尤为重要，而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门，但无论是何种数据库，均存在着一种隐患。

想几个问题：

用一台数据库存放数据，若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办？
业务量大了，数据多了，访问的人多了，一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办？

主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换
读写分离，提供查询服务
备份，避免影响业务

主从形式

一主一从
主主复制
一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
多主一从—5.7开始支持
联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志）文件中
- SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.159.141	rocky linux9.3 mysql-8.0.35	无数据
从数据库	192.168.159.147	rocky linux9.3 mysql-8.0.35	无数据

mysql安装

分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-8.0.35版本，此处略过安装步骤。

mysql主从配置

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

主数据库和从数据库都关掉防火墙
[root@master ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config 
[root@master ~]# setenforce 0
[root@master ~]# getenforce
Permissive

[root@slave ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/selinux/config 
[root@slave ~]# setenforce 0
[root@slave ~]# getenforce
Permissive

先查看主库有哪些库
[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -pPassw0rd@_ -e 'show databases'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

再查看从库有哪些库
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pPassw0rd@_ -e 'show databases'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+


全备主库（可以忽略，主从数据库内容一样）
全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出

备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pPassw0rd@_ --all-databases > /opt/all-20231226.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master ~]# ls /opt/all-*
/opt/all-20231226.sql
[root@master ~]# scp /opt/all-20231226.sql 192.168.159.147:/opt/
The authenticity of host '192.168.159.147 (192.168.159.147)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:bkL+H8KDU3f4oa6FUb2+zdbsK+6fCEjjgbuaDzWjdoE.
This host key is known by the following other names/addresses:
    ~/.ssh/known_hosts:1: node1
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.159.147' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.159.147's password: 
all-20231226.sql                                         100% 1254KB  98.7MB/s   00:00    

解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye


在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库，确保与主库一致
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pPassw0rd@_ < /opt/all-20231226.sql 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pPassw0rd@_ -e 'show databases'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Passw0rd@_'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 13
Server version: 8.0.35 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> create user 'cjy'@'192.168.159.147' identified with mysql_native_password by 'Passw0rd@_';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'cjy'@'192.168.159.147';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

配置主数据库

在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

log-bin = mysql_bin
server-id = 10

重启mysql服务
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart mysqld

查看主库的状态
[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Passw0rd@_' -e 'show master status;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      157 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

配置从数据库

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
添加如下内容
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[root@slave ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

server-id = 20
relay-log = my_relay

重启从库的mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# systemctl restart mysqld

配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.159.141',
    -> master_user='cjy',
    -> master_password='Passw0rd@_',
    -> master_log_file='mysql_bin.000001',
    -> master_log_pos=157;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 8 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Connecting to source
                  Master_Host: 192.168.159.141
                  Master_User: cjy
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 157
               Relay_Log_File: my_relay.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes    （此处要为2个yes才为同步成功，
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes       否则请检查配置是否正确）
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table: 
       Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error: 
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 157
              Relay_Log_Space: 157
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File: 
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File: 
           Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
              Master_SSL_Cert: 
            Master_SSL_Cipher: 
               Master_SSL_Key: 
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error: 
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error: 
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 0
                  Master_UUID: 62686479-n389-66ee-9b33-070c49yfab8e
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Replica has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                Auto_Position: 0
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                 Channel_Name: 
           Master_TLS_Version: 
       Master_public_key_path: 
        Get_master_public_key: 0
            Network_Namespace: 
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

测试验证

在主库创建库

[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Passw0rd@_'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 18
Server version: 8.0.35 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> create database cjy;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| cjy                |
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from bj2;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pPassw0rd@_
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 15
Server version: 8.0.35 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| cjy                |
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)