SpringCloud Alibaba 微服务环境搭建

第二章 微服务环境搭建

我们在讲解SpringCloud的课程中，使用简单易懂的模块讲解里面相关的组件.

商品微服务

● 查询商品列表

订单微服务

● 创建订单

2.1 技术选型

持久层: SpingData Jpa

数据库: MySQL5.7

其他: SpringCloud Alibaba 技术栈

2.2 模块设计

— shop-parent 父工程

— shop-product-api 商品微服务api 【存放商品实体】

— shop-product-server 商品微服务 【端口:808x】

— shop-order-api 订单微服务api 【存放订单实体】

— shop-order-server 订单微服务 【端口:809x】

2.3 微服务调用

在微服务架构中，最常见的场景就是微服务之间的相互调用。我们以电商系统中常见的用户下单为例来演示微服务的调用：客户向订单微服务发起一个下单的请求，在进行保存订单之前需要调用商品微服务查询商品的信息。

我们一般把服务的主动调用方称为服务消费者，把服务的被调用方称为服务提供者。

在这种场景下，订单微服务就是一个服务消费者， 商品微服务就是一个服务提供者。

2.4 版本说明

https://github.com/alibaba/spring-cloud-alibaba/wiki/版本说明

毕业版本依赖关系（推荐使用）

2.5 创建父工程

创建一个maven工程，然后在pom.xml文件中添加下面内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
    <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>

    <!--⽗⼯程-->
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.12.RELEASE</version>
    </parent>
    <!--依赖版本的锁定-->
    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF- 8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <spring-cloud.version>Hoxton.SR12</spring-cloud.version>
        <spring-cloud-alibaba.version>2.2.7.RELEASE</spring-cloud-alibaba.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud-alibaba.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

</project>

2.6 创建商品微服务

1.创建shop-product-api项目，然后在pom.xml文件中添加下面内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-product-api</artifactId>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <!--依赖-->
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

2.创建实体类

//商品
@Entity(name = "t_shop_product")
@Data
public class Product {
 @Id
 @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
 private Long pid;//主键
 private String pname;//商品名称
 private Double pprice;//商品价格
 private Integer stock;//库存
}

3.创建shop-product-server项目，然后在pom.xml文件中添加下面内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-product-server</artifactId>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.60</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
            <artifactId>shop-product-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

4.编写启动类ProductServerApplication.java

@SpringBootApplication
public class ProductServerApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ProductServerApplication.class, args);
    }
}

5.编写配置文件application.yml

server:
    port: 8081
spring:
    application:
        name: product-service
    datasource:
        driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
        url: jdbc:mysql:///shop-product?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=true
        username: root
        password: zgh
    jpa:
        properties:
            hibernate:
                hbm2ddl:
                    auto: update
                dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect

6.在数据库中创建shop-product的数据库

​ （使用了jpa,它将自动根据实体创建表。）

7.创建ProductDao

package com.zgh.dao;

import com.zgh.domin.Product;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
public interface ProductDao extends JpaRepository<Product, Long> {
}

8.创建ProductService接口和实现类

package com.zgh.service.impl;

@Service
public class ProductServiceImpl implements ProductService {
    @Autowired
    private ProductDao productDao;

    @Override
    public Product findByPid(Long pid) {
        return productDao.findById(pid).get();
    }
}

9.创建Controller

package com.zgh.controller;

@RestController
@Slf4j
public class ProductController {
    @Autowired
    private ProductService productService;

    //商品信息查询
    @RequestMapping("/product/{pid}")
    public Product findByPid(@PathVariable("pid") Long pid) {
        log.info("接下来要进⾏{}号商品信息的查询", pid);
        Product product = productService.findByPid(pid);
        log.info("商品信息查询成功,内容为{}", JSON.toJSONString(product));
        return product;
    }
}

10.启动工程，等到数据库表创建完毕之后，加入测试数据

INSERT INTO t_shop_product VALUE(NULL,'⼩⽶','1000','5000');
INSERT INTO t_shop_product VALUE(NULL,'华为','2000','5000');
INSERT INTO t_shop_product VALUE(NULL,'苹果','3000','5000');
INSERT INTO t_shop_product VALUE(NULL,'OPPO','4000','5000');

11.通过浏览器访问服务

​ http://localhost:8081/product/1

2.7 创建订单微服务

1.创建shop-order-api项⽬，然后在pom.xml⽂件中添加下⾯内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-order-api</artifactId>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <!--依赖-->
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

2.创建实体类

package com.zgh.domain;
//订单
@Entity(name = "t_shop_order")
@Data
public class Order {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long oid;//订单id
    //⽤户
    private Long uid;//⽤户id
    private String username;//⽤户名
    //商品
    private Long pid;//商品id
    private String pname;//商品名称
    private Double pprice;//商品单价
    //数量
    private Integer number;//购买数量
}

3.创建shop-order-server项⽬，然后在pom.xml⽂件中添加下⾯内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-order-server</artifactId>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.56</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
            <artifactId>shop-order-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

4.编写启动类OrderServer.java

package com.zgh;
public class OrderServerApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderServerApplication.class, args);
    }
}

5.编写配置⽂件application.yml

server:
    port: 8091
spring:
    application:
        name: order-service
    datasource:
        driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
        url: jdbc:mysql:///shop-order?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=true
        username: root
        password: zgh
    jpa:
        properties:
            hibernate:
            hbm2ddl:
               auto: update
            dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect

6.在数据库中创建shop-order的数据库

7.创建OrderDao

package com.zgh.dao;
public interface OrderDao extends JpaRepository<Order, Long> {
}

8.创建OrderService接口和实现类

<!--在当前pom.xml中添加-->
<dependency>
            <groupId>com.zgh</groupId>
            <artifactId>shop-product-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        </dependency>

package com.zgh.service.impl;
@Service
@Slf4j
public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {
    @Autowired
    private OrderDao orderDao;

    @Override
    public Order createOrder(Long productId, Long userId) {
        log.info("接收到{}号商品的下单请求,接下来调⽤商品微服务查询此商品信息",
                productId);
        //远程调⽤商品微服务,查询商品信息
        Product product = null;
        log.info("查询到{}号商品的信息,内容是:{}", productId,
                JSON.toJSONString(product));
        //创建订单并保存
        Order order = new Order();
        order.setUid(userId);
        order.setUsername("叩丁狼教育");
        order.setPid(productId);
        order.setPname(product.getPname());
        order.setPprice(product.getPprice());
        order.setNumber(1);
        orderDao.save(order);
        log.info("创建订单成功,订单信息为{}", JSON.toJSONString(order));
        return order;
    }
}

9.创建Controller

@RestController
@Slf4j
public class OrderController {
    @Autowired
    private OrderService orderService;

    @RequestMapping("/save")
    public Order order(Long pid, Long uid) {
        return orderService.createOrder(pid, uid);
    }
}

2.8 服务间如何进行远程调用

商品微服务已经提供了数据接口了，订单微服务应该如何去调用呢?

其实就是如何通过Java代码去调用一个http的接口地址，我们可以使用RestTemplate来进行调用 .

1.在启动类上添加RestTemplate的bean配置

package com.zgh;
public class OrderServerApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderServerApplication.class, args);
    }
   	@Bean
 	public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
	 return new RestTemplate();
 } 
} 

2.在OrderServiceImpl中注入RestTemplate并实现远程调用

@Service
@Slf4j
public class OrderServiceImpl implements OrderService {
    @Autowired
    private OrderDao orderDao;
    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;
    @Override
    public Order createOrder(Long productId,Long userId) {
        log.info("接收到{}号商品的下单请求,接下来调⽤商品微服务查询此商品信息",
                productId);
        //远程调⽤商品微服务,查询商品信息
        Product product = restTemplate.getForObject(
                "http://localhost:8081/product/"+productId,Product.class);
        log.info("查询到{}号商品的信息,内容是:{}", productId,
                JSON.toJSONString(product));
        //创建订单并保存
        Order order = new Order();
        order.setUid(userId);
        order.setUsername("叩丁狼教育");
        order.setPid(productId);
        order.setPname(product.getPname());
        order.setPprice(product.getPprice());
        order.setNumber(1);
        orderDao.save(order);
        log.info("创建订单成功,订单信息为{}", JSON.toJSONString(order));
        return order;
    }
}

虽然我们已经可以实现微服务之间的调用。但是我们把服务提供者的网络地址（ip，端口）等硬编码到 了代码中，这种做法存在许多问题：

1. 一旦服务提供者地址变化，就需要手工修改代码
2. 一旦是多个服务提供者，无法实现负载均衡功能
3. 一旦服务变得越来越多，人工维护调用关系困难

那么应该怎么解决呢， 这时候就需要通过注册中心动态的实现服务治理。

引文来源:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV19T411M787