大学生看了都要流口水的东西！
柱形图
# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创造数据
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创造条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# 显示图形
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# 创造数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
y_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建水平条
plt.barh(y_pos, height)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.yticks(y_pos, bars)
# 显示图形
plt.show()
# 导入库
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据框
df = pd.DataFrame ({
'Group': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],
'Value': [1,5,4,3,9]
})
# 创建水平条
plt.barh(y=df.Group, width=df.Value);
# 导入库
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据框
df = pd.DataFrame ({
'Group': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],
'Value': [1,5,4,3,9]
})
# 对表格进行排序
df = df.sort_values(by=['Value'])
# 创建水平条
plt.barh(y=df.Group, width=df.Value);
# 添加标题
plt.title('A simple barplot');
# 导入库
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据框
df = pd.DataFrame ({
'Group': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],
'Value': [1,5,4,3,9]
})
# 初始化图形和轴
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
# 无花果尺寸
fig.set_size_inches(9,9)
# 创建水平条
ax.barh(y=df.Group, width=df.Value);
#添加标题
ax.set_title('A simple barplot');
# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height, color=(0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.6))
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# 显示图表
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建不同颜色的条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height, color=['black', 'red', 'green', 'blue', 'cyan'])
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# 显示图表
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建具有蓝色边缘颜色的条形
plt.bar(x_pos, height, color=(0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1), edgecolor='blue')
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# 显示图表
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建条形并选择颜色
plt.bar(x_pos, height, color = (0.5,0.1,0.5,0.6))
# 添加标题和轴名称
plt.title('My title')
plt.xlabel('categories')
plt.ylabel('values')
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# 显示图表
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
# 选择 x 轴上每个条形图的位置（空格 = 1，4，3，1）
x_pos = [0,1,5,8,9]
# 创建条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# Show graphic
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
# 选择每个条形的宽度及其位置
width = [0.1,0.2,3,1.5,0.3]
x_pos = [0,0.3,2,4.5,5.5]
# 制作剧情
plt.bar(x_pos, height, width=width)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# Show graphic
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据集
height = [2, 5, 4, 6]
bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建条形图
figure = plt.bar(x_pos, height)
# 定义一些图案填充
hatches = ['-', '/', '||', '///']
# 循环条形并分配图案填充
for bar, hatch in zip(figure, hatches):
bar.set_hatch(hatch)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
# Show graphic
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 选择条形的高度
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
# 选择条形的名称
bars = ('group1', 'group2', 'group3', 'group4', 'group5')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars, color='orange')
plt.yticks(color='orange')
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ('A','B','C','D','E')
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height)
# 在 x 轴上创建名称
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars)
plt.xlabel('category', fontweight='bold', color = 'orange', fontsize='18')
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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#图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建数据
height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]
bars = ("very long group name 1","very long group name 2","very long group name 3","very long group name 4","very long group name 5")
x_pos = np.arange(len(bars))
# 创建条形图
plt.bar(x_pos, height)
# 柱线名称的旋转
plt.xticks(x_pos, bars, rotation=90)
# 自定义子图布局
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.4, top=0.99)
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 条形宽度
barWidth = 0.3
# 选择蓝色条的高度
bars1 = [10, 9, 2]
# 选择青色条的高度
bars2 = [10.8, 9.5, 4.5]
# 选择误差线 （bar1） 的高度
yer1 = [0.5, 0.4, 0.5]
# 选择误差线 （bar2） 的高度
yer2 = [1, 0.7, 1]
# 柱线的 x 位置
r1 = np.arange(len(bars1))
r2 = [x + barWidth for x in r1]
# 创建蓝条
plt.bar(r1, bars1, width = barWidth, color = 'blue', edgecolor = 'black', yerr=yer1, capsize=7, label='poacee')
# 创建青色条
plt.bar(r2, bars2, width = barWidth, color = 'cyan', edgecolor = 'black', yerr=yer2, capsize=7, label='sorgho')
# 总体布局
plt.xticks([r + barWidth for r in range(len(bars1))], ['cond_A', 'cond_B', 'cond_C'])
plt.ylabel('height')
plt.legend()
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 创建条形图
barWidth = 0.9
bars1 = [3, 3, 1]
bars2 = [4, 2, 3]
bars3 = [4, 6, 7, 10, 4, 4]
bars4 = bars1 + bars2 + bars3
# 柱线的 X 位置
r1 = [1,5,9]
r2 = [2,6,10]
r3 = [3,4,7,8,11,12]
r4 = r1 + r2 + r3
# 创建条形图
plt.bar(r1, bars1, width = barWidth, color = (0.3,0.1,0.4,0.6), label='Alone')
plt.bar(r2, bars2, width = barWidth, color = (0.3,0.5,0.4,0.6), label='With Himself')
plt.bar(r3, bars3, width = barWidth, color = (0.3,0.9,0.4,0.6), label='With other genotype')
# Note: the barplot could be created easily. See the barplot section for other examples.
# 创建图例
plt.legend()
# 每个条形图下方的文本，以 90° 旋转
plt.xticks([r + barWidth for r in range(len(r4))], ['DD', 'with himself', 'with DC', 'with Silur', 'DC', 'with himself', 'with DD', 'with Silur', 'Silur', 'with himself', 'with DD', 'with DC'], rotation=90)
# 创建标签
label = ['n = 6', 'n = 25', 'n = 13', 'n = 36', 'n = 30', 'n = 11', 'n = 16', 'n = 37', 'n = 14', 'n = 4', 'n = 31', 'n = 34']
# 每个栏顶部的文本
for i in range(len(r4)):
plt.text(x = r4[i]-0.5 , y = bars4[i]+0.1, s = label[i], size = 6)
# 调整边距
plt.subplots_adjust(bottom= 0.2, top = 0.98)
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 设置条形宽度
barWidth = 0.25
# 设置条形的高度
bars1 = [12, 30, 1, 8, 22]
bars2 = [28, 6, 16, 5, 10]
bars3 = [29, 3, 24, 25, 17]
# 设置条形在 X 轴上的位置
r1 = np.arange(len(bars1))
r2 = [x + barWidth for x in r1]
r3 = [x + barWidth for x in r2]
# 制作剧情
plt.bar(r1, bars1, color='#7f6d5f', width=barWidth, edgecolor='white', label='var1')
plt.bar(r2, bars2, color='#557f2d', width=barWidth, edgecolor='white', label='var2')
plt.bar(r3, bars3, color='#2d7f5e', width=barWidth, edgecolor='white', label='var3')
# 在组栏的中间添加 xtick
plt.xlabel('group', fontweight='bold')
plt.xticks([r + barWidth for r in range(len(bars1))], ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'])
# 创建图例和显示图形
plt.legend()
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
import pandas as pd
#Y 轴以粗体显示
rc('font', weight='bold')
# 每个组的值
bars1 = [12, 28, 1, 8, 22]
bars2 = [28, 7, 16, 4, 10]
bars3 = [25, 3, 23, 25, 17]
# 条形高度1 + 条形2
bars = np.add(bars1, bars2).tolist()
# 条形在 x 轴上的位置
r = [0,1,2,3,4]
# 组名称和条形宽度
names = ['A','B','C','D','E']
barWidth = 1
# 创建棕色条
plt.bar(r, bars1, color='#7f6d5f', edgecolor='white', width=barWidth)
# 在第一个绿色条（中间）之上创建绿色条形图
plt.bar(r, bars2, bottom=bars1, color='#557f2d', edgecolor='white', width=barWidth)
# 创建绿色条（顶部）
plt.bar(r, bars3, bottom=bars, color='#2d7f5e', edgecolor='white', width=barWidth)
# 自定义 X 轴
plt.xticks(r, names, fontweight='bold')
plt.xlabel("group")
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
import pandas as pd
# Data
r = [0,1,2,3,4]
raw_data = {'greenBars': [20, 1.5, 7, 10, 5], 'orangeBars': [5, 15, 5, 10, 15],'blueBars': [2, 15, 18, 5, 10]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data)
# 从原始值到百分比
totals = [i+j+k for i,j,k in zip(df['greenBars'], df['orangeBars'], df['blueBars'])]
greenBars = [i / j * 100 for i,j in zip(df['greenBars'], totals)]
orangeBars = [i / j * 100 for i,j in zip(df['orangeBars'], totals)]
blueBars = [i / j * 100 for i,j in zip(df['blueBars'], totals)]
# 情节
barWidth = 0.85
names = ('A','B','C','D','E')
# 创建绿色条形图
plt.bar(r, greenBars, color='#b5ffb9', edgecolor='white', width=barWidth)
# 创建橙色条形图
plt.bar(r, orangeBars, bottom=greenBars, color='#f9bc86', edgecolor='white', width=barWidth)
# 创建蓝色条
plt.bar(r, blueBars, bottom=[i+j for i,j in zip(greenBars, orangeBars)], color='#a3acff', edgecolor='white', width=barWidth)
# 自定义 x 轴
plt.xticks(r, names)
plt.xlabel("group")
# 显示图形
plt.show()
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热图
#导入库
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import kde
#生成数据：200个点
data = np.random.multivariate_normal([0, 0], [[1, 0.5], [0.5, 3]], 200)
x, y = data.T
#创建一个包含6个子图的图形
fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=6, nrows=1, figsize=(21, 5))
#先从散点图开始
axes[0].set_title('Scatterplot')
axes[0].plot(x, y, 'ko')
#可以看到有很多重叠的点！
#因此我们可以把绘图窗口分成几个六边形
nbins = 20
axes[1].set_title('Hexbin')
axes[1].hexbin(x, y, gridsize=nbins, cmap=plt.cm.BuGn_r)
#2D 直方图
axes[2].set_title('2D Histogram')
axes[2].hist2d(x, y, bins=nbins, cmap=plt.cm.BuGn_r)
#对数据范围内的 nbins x nbins 网格上的点进行高斯核密度估计
k = kde.gaussian_kde(data.T)
xi, yi = np.mgrid[x.min():x.max():nbins1j, y.min():y.max():nbins1j]
zi = k(np.vstack([xi.flatten(), yi.flatten()]))
#绘制密度
axes[3].set_title('Calculate Gaussian KDE')
axes[3].pcolormesh(xi, yi, zi.reshape(xi.shape), shading='auto', cmap=plt.cm.BuGn_r)
#添加阴影
axes[4].set_title('2D Density with shading')
axes[4].pcolormesh(xi, yi, zi.reshape(xi.shape), shading='gouraud', cmap=plt.cm.BuGn_r)
#等高线
axes[5].set_title('Contour')
axes[5].pcolormesh(xi, yi, zi.reshape(xi.shape), shading='gouraud', cmap=plt.cm.BuGn_r)
axes[5].contour(xi, yi, zi.reshape(xi.shape) )
plt.show()
C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_1304\3797957988.py:25: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: Auto-removal of grids by pcolor() and pcolormesh() is deprecated since 3.5 and will be removed two minor releases later; please call grid(False) first.
axes[2].hist2d(x, y, bins=nbins, cmap=plt.cm.BuGn_r)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Input In [5], in <cell line: 29>()
27 #对数据范围内的 nbins x nbins 网格上的点进行高斯核密度估计
28 k = kde.gaussian_kde(data.T)
---> 29 xi, yi = np.mgrid[x.min():x.max():nbins1j, y.min():y.max():nbins1j]
30 zi = k(np.vstack([xi.flatten(), yi.flatten()]))
32 #绘制密度
NameError: name 'nbins1j' is not defined
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((5,5)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e"])
# 默认热图：只是这个方阵的可视化
sns.heatmap(df)
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((100,5)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e"])
# 计算每对变量之间的相关性
corr_matrix=df.corr()
# 绘制它
sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, cmap='PuOr')
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(0)
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((100,5)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e"])
# 计算每对变量之间的相关性
corr_matrix=df.corr()
# 可以很好地绘制只有半矩阵
# 为上三角形生成遮罩
mask = np.zeros_like(corr_matrix)
mask[np.triu_indices_from(mask)] = True
# 使用蒙版绘制热图
sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, mask=mask, square=True)
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建长格式
people = np.repeat(("A","B","C","D","E"),5)
feature = list(range(1,6))*5
value = np.random.random(25)
df = pd.DataFrame({'feature': feature, 'people': people, 'value': value })
# 将长格式转换为宽格式
df_wide = df.pivot_table( index='people', columns='feature', values='value')
# 绘制它
sns.heatmap(df_wide)
<AxesSubplot:xlabel='feature', ylabel='people'>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 使用注释绘制热图
sns.heatmap(df, annot=True, annot_kws={"size": 7})
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 使用自定义网格线绘制热图
sns.heatmap(df, linewidths=2, linecolor='yellow')
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 绘制热图
sns.heatmap(df, yticklabels=False)
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 绘制热图
sns.heatmap(df, cbar=False)
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 绘制热图
sns.heatmap(df, xticklabels=4)
<AxesSubplot:>
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 使用调色板进行打印
sns.heatmap(df, cmap="YlGnBu")
plt.show()
sns.heatmap(df, cmap="Blues")
plt.show()
sns.heatmap(df, cmap="BuPu")
plt.show()
sns.heatmap(df, cmap="Greens")
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,10)), columns=["a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j"])
# 颜色条范围介于 0 和 0.5 之间
sns.heatmap(df, vmin=0, vmax=0.5)
plt.show()
# 颜色条范围介于 0.5 和 0.7 之间
sns.heatmap(df, vmin=0.5, vmax=0.7)
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = np.random.randn(30, 30)
# 绘图热图
sns.heatmap(df, cmap="PiYG")
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据集
df = np.random.randn(30, 30)
# 绘图热图
sns.heatmap(df, center=1)
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建数据
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 6))
# 使数据集中的值离散
# 这些值将被切割成 3 个离散值：0，1，2
df_q = pd.DataFrame()
for col in df:
df_q[col] = pd.to_numeric( pd.qcut(df[col], 3, labels=list(range(3))) )
# 绘制它
sns.heatmap(df_q)
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建一个数据帧，其中第二列的平均值高于其他列：
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,10) * 4 + 3)
df[1]=df[1]+40
# 如果我们做一个热图，我们只是观察到一列的值比其他列高：
sns.heatmap(df, cmap='viridis')
plt.show()
# 现在，如果我们按列对其进行规范化：
df_norm_col=(df-df.mean())/df.std()
sns.heatmap(df_norm_col, cmap='viridis')
plt.show()
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
# 创建第二行平均值较高的数据帧
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,10) * 4 + 3)
df.iloc[2]=df.iloc[2]+40
# 如果我们做一个热图，我们只是观察到一行的值比其他行高：
sns.heatmap(df, cmap='viridis')
plt.show()
# 按行规范化：
df_norm_row = df.apply(lambda x: (x-x.mean())/x.std(), axis = 1)
# 并查看结果
sns.heatmap(df_norm_row, cmap='viridis')
plt.show()
散点图
# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# 创建数据
x = np.random.rand(80) - 0.5
y = x+np.random.rand(80)
z = x+np.random.rand(80)
df = pd.DataFrame({'x':x, 'y':y, 'z':z})
# 使用调色板绘图
sns.lmplot( x='x', y='y', data=df, fit_reg=False, hue='x', legend=False, palette="Blues")
plt.show()
# 反向调色板
sns.lmplot( x='x', y='y', data=df, fit_reg=False, hue='x', legend=False, palette="Blues_r")
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# 创建数据
x = np.random.rand(80) - 0.5
y = x+np.random.rand(80)
z = x+np.random.rand(80)
df = pd.DataFrame({'x':x, 'y':y, 'z':z})
# 情节
sns.lmplot( x='x', y='y', data=df, fit_reg=False, hue='x', legend=False, palette="PuOr")
plt.show()
# 反向调色板
sns.lmplot( x='x', y='y', data=df, fit_reg=False, hue='x', legend=False, palette="PuOr_r")
plt.show()
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# 图书馆
import seaborn as sns
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 数据
data = np.random.normal(size=(20, 6)) + np.arange(6) / 2
# 建议的主题：暗网格、白网格、深色、白色和刻度
sns.set_style("whitegrid")
sns.boxplot(data=data)
plt.title("whitegrid")
plt.show()
sns.set_style("darkgrid")
sns.boxplot(data=data);
plt.title("darkgrid")
plt.show()
sns.set_style("white")
sns.boxplot(data=data);
plt.title("white")
plt.show()
sns.set_style("dark")
sns.boxplot(data=data);
plt.title("dark")
plt.show()
sns.set_style("ticks")
sns.boxplot(data=data);
plt.title("ticks")
plt.show()
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