本文介绍了Linux系统的LVM管理，包括部署LVM、卷组管理与逻辑卷管理，详细阐述了各步骤及注意事项。此外，还讲解了计划任务管理，提供了多个cron命令示例，用于设置不同频率和时间的脚本执行。
LVM管理与计划任务管理
lvm管理
部署lvm
创建lvm步骤：
a) 添加物理磁盘，创建物理卷
b) 创建卷组，将物理卷加入卷组
c) 在卷组中划分逻辑卷
d) 格式化逻辑卷
e) 挂载使用
//1.准备物理磁盘
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 99G 0 part
├─cs_192-root 253:0 0 65.2G 0 lvm /
├─cs_192-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─cs_192-home 253:2 0 31.8G 0 lvm /home
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 20G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 10.3G 0 rom
//1.将磁盘加入pv
[root@centos8 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created.
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 cs_192 lvm2 a-- <99.00g 0
/dev/sdb lvm2 --- 20.00g 20.00g
//2.创建名为wjh的卷组
[root@centos8 ~]# vgcreate wjh /dev/sdb
Volume group "wjh" successfully created
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cs_192 1 3 0 wz--n- <99.00g 0
wjh 1 0 0 wz--n- <20.00g <20.00g
//3.创建逻辑卷, 分配名称, 以及大小, 指定卷组
[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -L 100M -n lv1 wjh
Logical volume "lv1" created.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
lv1 wjh -wi-a----- 100.00m
//4.格式化文件系统
[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/wjh/lv1
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 102400 1k blocks and 25688 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 0a9245f4-9965-480c-b536-8bffef3dd538
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
//挂在并使用
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /lv1
[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/wjh/lv1
/dev/wjh/lv1: UUID="0a9245f4-9965-480c-b536-8bffef3dd538" BLOCK_SIZE="1024" TYPE="ext4"
[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 27 11:49:55 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/cs_192-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=07e367cc-e7f5-49ae-ae77-1c310cbcb3c7 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cs_192-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cs_192-swap none swap defaults 0 0
UUID="0a9245f4-9965-480c-b536-8bffef3dd538" /lv1 ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@centos8 ~]# df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
...
/dev/mapper/wjh-lv1 ext4 93M 1.6M 85M 2% /lv1
卷组管理
- 扩展卷组，将新磁盘加入卷组
//1.新硬盘加入pv
[root@centos8 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdc
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.
2.使用vgextend扩展
[root@centos8 ~]# vgextend wjh /dev/sdc
Volume group "wjh" successfully extended
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cs_192 1 3 0 wz--n- <99.00g 0
wjh 2 1 0 wz--n- 39.99g 39.89g
//缩减卷组，将指定磁盘从卷组中删除
[root@centos8 ~]# vgreduce wjh /dev/sdc
Removed "/dev/sdc" from volume group "wjh"
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cs_192 1 3 0 wz--n- <99.00g 0
wjh 1 1 0 wz--n- <20.00g <19.90g
//数据迁移卷组，同一卷组的磁盘才可以进行在线迁移
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 cs_192 lvm2 a-- <99.00g 0
/dev/sdb wjh lvm2 a-- <20.00g <19.90g
/dev/sdc wjh lvm2 a-- <20.00g <20.00g
[root@centos8 ~]# pvmove /dev/sdb
/dev/sdb: Moved: 100.00%
//效果展示
[root@centos8 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 cs_192 lvm2 a-- <99.00g 0
/dev/sdb wjh lvm2 a-- <20.00g <20.00g
/dev/sdc wjh lvm2 a-- <20.00g <19.90g
逻辑卷管理
- 逻辑卷扩展，逻辑卷的扩展取决于卷组中的容量，逻辑卷扩展的容量不能超过卷组的容量
1.扩展lv逻辑卷
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
home cs_192 -wi-ao---- 31.81g
root cs_192 -wi-ao---- <65.16g
swap cs_192 -wi-ao---- <2.03g
lv1 wjh -wi-ao---- 100.00m
//将逻辑卷提升到800M
[root@centos8 ~]# lvextend -L 800M /dev/wjh/lv1
Size of logical volume wjh/lv1 changed from 100.00 MiB (25 extents) to 800.00 MiB (200 extents).
Logical volume wjh/lv1 successfully resized.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
home cs_192 -wi-ao---- 31.81g
root cs_192 -wi-ao---- <65.16g
swap cs_192 -wi-ao---- <2.03g
lv1 wjh -wi-ao---- 800.00m
//增加800M分配给逻辑卷
[root@centos8 ~]# lvextend -L +800M /dev/wjh/lv1
Size of logical volume wjh/lv1 changed from 800.00 MiB (200 extents) to 1.56 GiB (400 extents).
Logical volume wjh/lv1 successfully resized.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
home cs_192 -wi-ao---- 31.81g
root cs_192 -wi-ao---- <65.16g
swap cs_192 -wi-ao---- <2.03g
lv1 wjh -wi-ao---- 1.56g
2.扩展xfs文件系统
//xfs扩容
[root@haha ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/wjh/lv1
//ext扩容
[root@centos8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/wjh/lv1
resize2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem at /dev/wjh/lv1 is mounted on /lv1; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 13
The filesystem on /dev/wjh/lv1 is now 1638400 (1k) blocks long.
//对ext4文件系统的逻辑卷裁剪容量
首先自己创建一个逻辑卷作为裁剪的对象
[root@centos8 ~]# lvcreate -n lv2 -L 1G wjh
WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/wjh/lv2 at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/wjh/lv2.
Logical volume "lv2" created.
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
home cs_192 -wi-ao---- 31.81g
root cs_192 -wi-ao---- <65.16g
swap cs_192 -wi-ao---- <2.03g
lv1 wjh -wi-ao---- 1.56g
lv2 wjh -wi-a----- 1.00g
[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/wjh/lv2
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 7090a6b0-2235-4e1e-a555-0cc93ba3d37a
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /lv2
[root@centos8 ~]# blkid /dev/wjh/lv2
/dev/wjh/lv2: UUID="7090a6b0-2235-4e1e-a555-0cc93ba3d37a" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4"
[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Mon Jun 27 11:49:55 2022
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/cs_192-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=07e367cc-e7f5-49ae-ae77-1c310cbcb3c7 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cs_192-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cs_192-swap none swap defaults 0 0
UUID="0a9245f4-9965-480c-b536-8bffef3dd538" /lv1 ext4 defaults 0 0
r
UUID="7090a6b0-2235-4e1e-a555-0cc93ba3d37a" /lv2 ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a
[root@centos8 ~]# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 874M 0 874M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 893M 0 893M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 893M 8.7M 885M 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 893M 0 893M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cs_192-root xfs 66G 2.2G 64G 4% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 211M 804M 21% /boot
/dev/mapper/cs_192-home xfs 32G 260M 32G 1% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 179M 0 179M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/wjh-lv1 ext4 1.6G 2.7M 1.5G 1% /lv1
/dev/mapper/wjh-lv2 ext4 976M 2.6M 907M 1% /lv2
1、如果已经挂载，必须先卸载
root@centos8 ~]# umount /lv2
2、裁剪容量，必须是先检测文件系统
[root@centos8 ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/wjh/lv2
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/wjh/lv2: 11/260096 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 43846/1048576 blocks
[root@centos8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/wjh/lv2 555M
resize2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/wjh/lv2 to 568320 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/wjh/lv2 is now 568320 (1k) blocks long.
3、调整完毕后采取裁剪逻辑卷容量
[root@centos8 ~]# lvreduce -L 555M /dev/wjh/lv2
Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 556.00 MiB.
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 556.00 MiB.
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce wjh/lv2? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume wjh/lv2 changed from 1.00 GiB (256 extents) to 556.00 MiB (139 extents).
Logical volume wjh/lv2 successfully resized.
4、强烈建议裁剪后，再次检测文件系统
[root@centos8 ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/wjh/lv2
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/wjh/lv2: 11/142240 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 28476/568320 blocks
5、挂载测试
如果能够挂载，一般说明裁剪成功，文件系统没有损坏
[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a
[root@centos8 ~]# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs devtmpfs 874M 0 874M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 893M 0 893M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 893M 8.7M 885M 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 893M 0 893M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cs_192-root xfs 66G 2.1G 64G 4% /
/dev/sda1 xfs 1014M 211M 804M 21% /boot
/dev/mapper/cs_192-home xfs 32G 260M 32G 1% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 179M 0 179M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/wjh-lv2 ext4 530M 2.3M 499M 1% /lv2
删除逻辑卷lv0、删除卷组vg0、删除物理卷
缩减逻辑卷注意事项：
- 不能在线缩减，得先卸载；
- 确保缩减后的空间大小依然能存储原有的所有数据；
- 在缩减之前应该先强行检查文件，以确保文件系统处于一致性状态。使用命令e2fsck -f /PATH/TO/LV
root@centos8 ~]# umount /lv2
[root@centos8 ~]# lvremove /dev/wjh/lv2
Do you really want to remove active logical volume wjh/lv2? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lv2" successfully removed.
[root@centos8 ~]# vgremove wjh
Volume group "wjh" successfully removed
[root@centos8 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd{b,c,d}
[root@centos8 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
home cs_192 -wi-ao---- 31.81g
root cs_192 -wi-ao---- <65.16g
swap cs_192 -wi-ao---- <2.03g
[root@centos8 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
cs_192 1 3 0 wz--n- <99.00g 0
计划任务管理
1.在linux系统中备份脚本backup.sh需要再每周1-5的每天下午1点和晚上8点执行，下列哪个cron命令可以完成（D）
a. 00 13,20 * 1-5 * backup.sh //每年1-5月下午1点和8点执行
b. 0 13,20 1,5 * * backup.sh //每月的1和5号下午1点和8点执行
c. * 13,20 * * 1-5 backup.sh //每周的1到星期五下午1点和8点每分钟执行
d. 00 13,20 * * 1-5 backup.sh //每周1-5的每天下午1点和晚上8点
说明以上答案每一行是什么含义
2.新建/scripts/httpd.sh文件，并让/scripts/httpd.sh脚本在每天的00:10分执行
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir -p /sripts/httpd.sh
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -e
crontab: installing new crontab
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -l
10 00 * * * /bin/bash -x /scripts/httpd.sh &> /dev/null
3.新建/backup目录,每周一下午5:50将/backup目录下的所有文件打包成
backup.tar.gz
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir backup
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -e
crontab: installing new crontab
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -l
##scripts/httpd.sh脚本在每天的00:10分执行
10 00 * * * /bin/bash -x /scripts/httpd.sh &> /dev/null
## 每周一下午5:50将/backup目录下的所有文件打包成 backup.tar.gz
50 5 * * 1 /usr/bin/tar -zcf backup.tar.gz /root/backup
4.写一个定时任务，每天0点5分把/var/log/nginx下7天前的文件转移
到/backup/2018_xx_xx的目录中
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -e
crontab: installing new crontab
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -l
##scripts/httpd.sh脚本在每天的00:10分执行
10 00 * * * /bin/bash -x /scripts/httpd.sh &> /dev/null
## 每周一下午5:50将/backup目录下的所有文件打包成 backup.tar.gz
50 5 * * 1 /usr/bin/tar -zcf backup.tar.gz /root/backup
##每天0点5分把/var/log/nginx下7天前的文件转移到/backup/2018_xx_xx的目录中
05 00 * * * /usr/bin/find /var/log/nginx -name "*" -mtime +7 -type f -exec mv {} /backup/$(date +%Y-%m-%d)/ \;
5.系统脚本/scripts/which.sh，如何定时每隔7分钟执行一次？
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -e
crontab: installing new crontab
[root@centos8 ~]# crontab -l
##scripts/httpd.sh脚本在每天的00:10分执行
10 00 * * * /bin/bash -x /scripts/httpd.sh &> /dev/null
## 每周一下午5:50将/backup目录下的所有文件打包成 backup.tar.gz
50 5 * * 1 /usr/bin/tar -zcf backup.tar.gz /root/backup
##每天0点5分把/var/log/nginx下7天前的文件转移到/backup/2018_xx_xx的目录中
05 00 * * * /usr/bin/find /var/log/nginx -name "*" -mtime +7 -type f -exec mv {} /backup/$(date +%Y-%m-%d)/ \;
##系统脚本/scripts/which.sh，如何定时每隔7分钟执行一次
*/7 * * * * /bin/bash -x /scripts/which.sh
6.如何不小心删除了/var/spool/cron/root文件，该如何恢复。
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /var/log/cron* | grep CMD |head
Jul 18 16:01:01 centos8 CROND[3585]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Jul 18 17:01:01 centos8 CROND[3912]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Jul 18 18:01:01 centos8 CROND[3960]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Jun 28 10:01:01 centos8 CROND[1752]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Jun 28 11:01:01 centos8 CROND[1829]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Jun 28 14:01:01 centos8 CROND[1690]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Jul 18 15:01:01 centos8 CROND[2160]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
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