第十章 ConcurrentHashMap

JUC并发编程系列文章

http://t.csdn.cn/UgzQi

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前言

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7、线程安全集合类概述

8、ConcurrentHashMap

创建文件

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;


@Slf4j(topic = "c.testThread31")
public class testThread31 {
    static final String ALPHA = "abcedfghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int length = ALPHA.length();
        int count = 200;
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(length * count);

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            char ch = ALPHA.charAt(i);
            for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
                list.add(String.valueOf(ch));
            }
        }

        Collections.shuffle(list);

        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
            try (PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
                    new OutputStreamWriter(
                            new FileOutputStream("threadTest/" + (i+1) + ".txt")))) {
                String collect = list.subList(i * count, (i + 1) * count).stream()
                        .collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
                out.print(collect);
            } catch (IOException e) {
            }
        }

    }
}

模版代码，模版代码中封装了多线程读取文件的代码

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;


@Slf4j(topic = "c.testThread31")
public class testThread31 {
    static final String ALPHA = "abcedfghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        /**
         * {a=200, b=200, c=200, d=200, e=200, f=200, g=200, h=200, i=200, j=200, k=200, 
         * l=200, m=200, n=200, o=200, p=200, q=200, r=200, s=200, t=200, u=200, v=200, w=200, x=200, y=200, z=200}
         *
         * 进程已结束，退出代码为 0
         */

        demo(
        ()-> new ConcurrentHashMap<String, LongAdder>(),
        (map,words)->{
            for (String word :words){
                LongAdder value = map.computeIfAbsent(word, (key) -> new LongAdder());
                //原子累加
                value.increment();
            }
        }
        );


//        demo(
//                // 创建 map 集合
//                // 创建 ConcurrentHashMap 对不对？
//                () -> new HashMap<String, Integer>(),
//                // 进行计数
//                (map, words) -> {
//                    for (String word : words) {
//                        //这里的getter和setter无法保证原子性
//                        //判断 key 是否已经存在
//                        Integer counter = map.get(word);
//                        //是否为空，为空计数加一，后续直接在原基础上加一
//                        int newValue = counter == null ? 1 : counter + 1;
//                        //将 map 更新
//                        map.put(word, newValue);
//                    }
//                }
//        );
    }


    private static <V> void demo(Supplier<Map<String,V>> supplier,
                                 BiConsumer<Map<String,V>,List<String>> consumer) {
        Map<String, V> counterMap = supplier.get();
        List<Thread> ts = new ArrayList<>();

        for (int i = 1; i <= 26; i++) {
            int idx = i;
            Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
                List<String> words = readFromFile(idx);
                consumer.accept(counterMap, words);
            });
            ts.add(thread);
        }
        ts.forEach(t->t.start());

        ts.forEach(t-> {
            try {
                t.join();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        });
        System.out.println(counterMap);
    }

    public static List<String> readFromFile(int i) {
        ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
        try (BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                new FileInputStream("threadTest/"+ i +".txt")))) {
            while(true) {
                String word = in.readLine();
                if(word == null) {
                    break;
                }
                words.add(word);
            }
            return words;
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }



    public static void testTXT(){
        int length = ALPHA.length();
        int count = 200;
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(length * count);

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            char ch = ALPHA.charAt(i);
            for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
                list.add(String.valueOf(ch));
            }
        }

        Collections.shuffle(list);

        for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
            try (PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
                    new OutputStreamWriter(
                            new FileOutputStream("threadTest/" + (i+1) + ".txt")))) {
                String collect = list.subList(i * count, (i + 1) * count).stream()
                        .collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
                out.print(collect);
            } catch (IOException e) {
            }
        }
    }
}

JDK 7 HashMap 并发死链

JDK 7 已经没有人用了，没必要学了

JDK 8 ConcurrentHashMap

内部属性和常用方法

内部属性

// 默认为 0
// 当初始化时, 为 -1
// 当扩容时, 为 -(1 + 扩容线程数)
// 当初始化或扩容完成后，为 下一次的扩容的阈值大小
private transient volatile int sizeCtl;

// 整个 ConcurrentHashMap 就是一个 Node[]
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {}

// hash 表
transient volatile Node<K,V>[] table;

// 扩容时的 新 hash 表
private transient volatile Node<K,V>[] nextTable;

// 扩容时如果某个 bin 迁移完毕, 用 ForwardingNode 作为旧 table bin 的头结点
static final class ForwardingNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}

// 用在 compute 以及 computeIfAbsent 时, 用来占位, 计算完成后替换为普通 Node
static final class ReservationNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}

// 作为 treebin 的头节点, 存储 root 和 first
static final class TreeBin<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}

// 作为 treebin 的节点, 存储 parent, left, right
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}

常用方法

// 获取 Node[] 中第 i 个 Node
static final <K,V> Node<K,V> tabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i)
 
// cas 修改 Node[] 中第 i 个 Node 的值, c 为旧值, v 为新值
static final <K,V> boolean casTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i, Node<K,V> c, Node<K,V> v)
 
// 直接修改 Node[] 中第 i 个 Node 的值, v 为新值
static final <K,V> void setTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i, Node<K,V> v)

构造方法

public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
                             float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
        if (!(loadFactor > 0.0f) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        if (initialCapacity < concurrencyLevel)   // Use at least as many bins
            initialCapacity = concurrencyLevel;   // as estimated threads
        long size = (long)(1.0 + (long)initialCapacity / loadFactor);
        int cap = (size >= (long)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
            MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : tableSizeFor((int)size);
        this.sizeCtl = cap;
    }

分析: 可以看到实现了懒惰初始化，在构造方法中仅仅计算了 table 的大小，以后在第一次使用时才会真正创建，如果没有往map添加元素不会正在创建相关的内存空间，懒惰初始化

public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
    判断传入的数据是否合法
    if (!(loadFactor > 0.0f) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    判断初始容量是否大于并发度，如果小于并发度，将并发度赋值给初始容量
    if (initialCapacity < concurrencyLevel) // Use at least as many bins
        initialCapacity = concurrencyLevel; // as estimated threads
    计算扩数组长度，但是需要是 2的 n 次方，所以传入的 initialCapacity，也并不会是真正的长度
    long size = (long)(1.0 + (long)initialCapacity / loadFactor);
    // tableSizeFor 仍然是保证计算的大小是 2^n, 即 16,32,64 ... 
    int cap = (size >= (long)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
        MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : tableSizeFor((int)size);
    this.sizeCtl = cap; 
}

get 方法

public V get(Object key) {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
    // spread 方法能确保返回结果是正数
    int h = spread(key.hashCode());
    if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
        (e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
        // 如果头结点已经是要查找的 key
        if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
            if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
                return e.val;
        }
        // hash 为负数表示该 bin 在扩容中或是 treebin, 这时调用 find 方法来查找,从数组的最后往前找
        else if (eh < 0)
            return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
        // 正常遍历链表, 用 equals 比较
        while ((e = e.next) != null) {
            if (e.hash == h &&
                ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
                return e.val;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

put 流程

以下数组简称（table），链表简称（bin）

public V put(K key, V value) {
    return putVal(key, value, false);
}

final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
    if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    // 其中 spread 方法会综合高位低位, 具有更好的 hash 性
    int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
    int binCount = 0;
    for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
        // f 是链表头节点
        // fh 是链表头结点的 hash
        // i 是链表在 table 中的下标
        Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
        // 要创建 table
        if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            // 初始化 table 使用了 cas, 无需 synchronized 创建成功, 进入下一轮循环
            tab = initTable();
        // 要创建链表头节点
        else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
            // 添加链表头使用了 cas, 无需 synchronized
            if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                         new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                break;
        }
        // 帮忙扩容
        else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
            // 帮忙之后, 进入下一轮循环
            tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
        else {
            V oldVal = null;
            // 锁住链表头节点
            synchronized (f) {
                // 再次确认链表头节点没有被移动
                if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                    // 链表
                    if (fh >= 0) {
                        binCount = 1;
                        // 遍历链表
                        for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                            K ek;
                            // 找到相同的 key
                            if (e.hash == hash &&
                                ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                 (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                oldVal = e.val;
                                // 更新
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    e.val = value;
                                break;
                            }
                            Node<K,V> pred = e;
                            // 已经是最后的节点了, 新增 Node, 追加至链表尾
                            if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                          value, null);
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // 红黑树
                    else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                        Node<K,V> p;
                        binCount = 2;
                        // putTreeVal 会看 key 是否已经在树中, 是, 则返回对应的 TreeNode
                        if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                              value)) != null) {
                            oldVal = p.val;
                            if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                p.val = value;
                        }
                    }
                }
                // 释放链表头节点的锁
            }
            
            if (binCount != 0) { 
                if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    // 如果链表长度 >= 树化阈值(8), 进行链表转为红黑树
                    treeifyBin(tab, i);
                if (oldVal != null)
                    return oldVal;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    // 增加 size 计数
    addCount(1L, binCount);
    return null; 
}

private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
    while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
        if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
            Thread.yield();
        // 尝试将 sizeCtl 设置为 -1（表示初始化 table）
        else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
            // 获得锁, 创建 table, 这时其它线程会在 while() 循环中 yield 直至 table 创建
            try {
                if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
                    int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
                    Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
                    table = tab = nt;
                    sc = n - (n >>> 2);
                }
            } finally {
                sizeCtl = sc;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
    return tab; 
}

// check 是之前 binCount 的个数
private final void addCount(long x, int check) {
    CounterCell[] as; long b, s;
    if (
        // 已经有了 counterCells, 向 cell 累加
        (as = counterCells) != null ||
        // 还没有, 向 baseCount 累加
        !U.compareAndSwapLong(this, BASECOUNT, b = baseCount, s = b + x)
    ) {
        CounterCell a; long v; int m;
        boolean uncontended = true;
        if (
            // 还没有 counterCells
            as == null || (m = as.length - 1) < 0 ||
            // 还没有 cell
            (a = as[ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe() & m]) == null ||
            // cell cas 增加计数失败
            !(uncontended = U.compareAndSwapLong(a, CELLVALUE, v = a.value, v + x))
        ) {
            // 创建累加单元数组和cell, 累加重试
            fullAddCount(x, uncontended);
            return;
        }
        if (check <= 1)
            return;
        // 获取元素个数
        s = sumCount();
    }
    if (check >= 0) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab, nt; int n, sc;
        while (s >= (long)(sc = sizeCtl) && (tab = table) != null &&
               (n = tab.length) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            int rs = resizeStamp(n);
            if (sc < 0) {
                if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
                    sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
                    transferIndex <= 0)
                    break;
                // newtable 已经创建了，帮忙扩容
                if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
                    transfer(tab, nt);
            }
            // 需要扩容，这时 newtable 未创建
            else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
                                         (rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
                transfer(tab, null);
            s = sumCount();
        }
    }
}


    

size 计算流程

public int size() {
    long n = sumCount();
    return ((n < 0L) ? 0 :
            (n > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            (int)n);
}

final long sumCount() {
    CounterCell[] as = counterCells; CounterCell a;
    // 将 baseCount 计数与所有 cell 计数累加
    long sum = baseCount;
    if (as != null) {
        for (int i = 0; i < as.length; ++i) {
            if ((a = as[i]) != null)
                sum += a.value;
        }
    }
    return sum;
}

源码分析 http://www.importnew.com/28263.html
其它实现 Cliffff Click’s high scale lib

java 7 ConcurrentHashMap: 没人用了，不写了

LinkedBlockingQueue 阻塞队列原理

加锁分析

put 操作

public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
    if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    int c = -1;
    Node<E> node = new Node<E>(e);
    final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
    // count 用来维护元素计数
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    putLock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        // 满了等待
        while (count.get() == capacity) {
            // 倒过来读就好: 等待 notFull
            notFull.await();
        }
        // 有空位, 入队且计数加一
        enqueue(node);
        c = count.getAndIncrement(); 
        // 除了自己 put 以外, 队列还有空位, 由自己叫醒其他 put 线程
        if (c + 1 < capacity)
            notFull.signal();
    } finally {
        putLock.unlock();
    }
    // 如果队列中有一个元素, 叫醒 take 线程
    if (c == 0)
        // 这里调用的是 notEmpty.signal() 而不是 notEmpty.signalAll() 是为了减少竞争
        signalNotEmpty();
}

take 操作

public E take() throws InterruptedException {
    E x;
    int c = -1;
    final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
    final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
    takeLock.lockInterruptibly();
    try {
        while (count.get() == 0) {
            notEmpty.await();
        }
        x = dequeue();
        c = count.getAndDecrement();
        if (c > 1)
            notEmpty.signal();
    } finally {
        takeLock.unlock();
    }
    // 如果队列中只有一个空位时, 叫醒 put 线程
    // 如果有多个线程进行出队, 第一个线程满足 c == capacity, 但后续线程 c < capacity
    if (c == capacity)
        // 这里调用的是 notFull.signal() 而不是 notFull.signalAll() 是为了减少竞争
        signalNotFull()
        return x; 
}




由 put 唤醒 put 是为了避免信号不足 

性能比较

ConcurrentLinkedQueue 并发队列

模仿 ConcurrentLinkedQueue

初始代码

package cn.itcast.concurrent.thirdpart.test;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
public class Test3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyQueue<String> queue = new MyQueue<>();
        queue.offer("1");
        queue.offer("2");
        queue.offer("3");
        System.out.println(queue);
    }
}
class MyQueue<E> implements Queue<E> {
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (Node<E> p = head; p != null; p = p.next.get()) {
            E item = p.item;
            if (item != null) {
                sb.append(item).append("->");
            }
        }
        sb.append("null");
        return sb.toString();
    }
    @Override
    public int size() {
        return 0;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    public Object[] toArray() {
        return new Object[0];
    }
    @Override
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean add(E e) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
        return false;
    }
    @Override
    public void clear() {
    }
    @Override
    public E remove() {
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    public E element() {
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    public E peek() {
        return null;
    }
    public MyQueue() {
        head = last = new Node<>(null, null);
    }
    private volatile Node<E> last;
    private volatile Node<E> head;
    private E dequeue() {
        /*Node<E> h = head;
        Node<E> first = h.next;
        h.next = h;
        head = first;
        E x = first.item;
        first.item = null;
        return x;*/
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    public E poll() {
        return null;
    }
    @Override
    public boolean offer(E e) {
        return true;
    }
    static class Node<E> {
        volatile E item;
        public Node(E item, Node<E> next) {
            this.item = item;
            this.next = new AtomicReference<>(next);
        }
        AtomicReference<Node<E>> next;
    }
}

offer方法

public boolean offer(E e) {
    Node<E> n = new Node<>(e, null);
    while(true) {
        // 获取尾节点
        AtomicReference<Node<E>> next = last.next;
        // S1: 真正尾节点的 next 是 null, cas 从 null 到新节点
        if(next.compareAndSet(null, n)) {
            // 这时的 last 已经是倒数第二, next 不为空了, 其它线程的 cas 肯定失败
            // S2: 更新 last 为倒数第一的节点
            last = n;
            return true;
        }
    }
}

CopyOnWriteArrayList