SQL_事务-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weiyoo55/article/details/108249470

事务

1.事务的基本介绍

（1）概念：
如果一个包含多个步骤的业务操作，被事务管理，那么这些操作要么同时成功，要么同时失败。

（2）操作：

1.开启事务：start transaction;
2.回滚：rollback;
3.提交：commit;

(3) 例子

USE db3;
CREATE TABLE account(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
NAME VARCHAR(10),
balance DOUBLE
);

-- 添加数据
INSERT INTO account (NAME,balance) VALUES ('zhangsan',1000),('lisi',1000);

SELECT * FROM account;
UPDATE account SET balance = 1000;

-- 张三给李四转账500元

-- 0.开启事务
START TRANSACTION;
-- 1.张三账户  -500
UPDATE account SET balance = balance - 500 WHERE NAME = 'zhangsan';
-- 2.李四账户  +500
-- 出错了...
UPDATE account SET balance = balance + 500 WHERE NAME = 'lisi';

-- 发现没有问题，提交事务
COMMIT;

-- 发现出问题了，回滚事务
ROLLBACK;

（4）MYSQL数据库中事务默认提交

*事务提交的两种方式：

自动提交：

mysql就是自动提交的

一条DML(增删改)语句回自动提交一次事务
手动提交：

Oracle数据库默认是手动提交事务

需要先开启事务，再提交

（5）修改事务的默认提交方式：

查看事务的默认提交方式：SELECT @@autocommit; – 1 代表自动提交 , 0-- 代表手动提交
修改默认提交方式：set @@autocommit = 0;

SELECT @@autocommit; -- 1 代表自动提交 , 0-- 代表手动提交

SET @@autocommit = 0;    

UPDATE account SET balance = 30;    

COMMIT;

2.事务的四大特征:

（1）原子性：是不可分隔的最小操作单位，要么同时成功，要么同时失败
（2）持久性：当事务提交或回滚后，数据库会持久化的保存数据。
（3）隔离性：多个事务之间。相互独立。
（4）一致性：事务操作前后，数据总量不变

3.事务的隔离级别

概念：多个事务之间是隔离的，相互独立的。但是如果多个事务操作同一批数据，则会引发一些问题，设置不同的隔离级别就可以解决这些问题。

存在的问题：

1.脏读：一个事务，读取到另一个事务中没有提交的数据
2.不可重复读（虚读）：在同一事务中，两次读取到的数据不一样。
3.幻读:一个事务操作（DML)数据表中所有记录，另一个事务添加了一条数据，则第一个事务查询不到自己的修改。

隔离级别：

1.read uncommitted：读未提交
*产生的问题：脏读、不可重复读、幻读
2.read committed：读已提交（Oracle)
*产生的问题：不可重复读、幻读
3.repeatable read：可重复读（MYSQL默认)
*产生问题：幻读
4.serializable：串行化
*可以解决所有的问题
隔离级别从小到大安全性越来越高，但是效率越来越低
数据库查询隔离级别：
select @@tx_isolation;
数据库设置隔离级别;
set global transaction isolation level 级别字符串；

SELECT @@tx_isolation; -- REPEATABLE-READ

SET GLOBAL  TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL  READ COMMITTED;  -- READ-COMMITTED

演示：

set global transaction isolation level read uncommitted；
start transaction;
- - 转账操作
update account set balance = balance - 500 where id = 1;
update account set balance = balance +500 where id = 2;

 1.read uncommitted：读未提交

事务1：

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> set global transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 500 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance + 500 where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |     500 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1500 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

事务2：

mysql> use db3;
Database changed
mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> select @@tx_isolation;
+------------------+
| @@tx_isolation   |
+------------------+
| READ-UNCOMMITTED |
+------------------+

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |     500 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1500 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+

 2.read committed：读已提交（Oracle)

事务1：

mysql> set global transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = 1000;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 500 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance + 500 where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

事务2：

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |     500 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1500 |
+----+----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 3.repeatable read：可重复读（MYSQL默认)

事务1：

mysql> set global transaction isolation level repeatable read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 500 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql>
mysql> update account set balance = balance + 500 where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

事务2：

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |     500 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1500 |
+----+----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 4.serializable：串行化

事务1：

mysql> set global transaction isolation level serializable;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 500 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance + 500 where id = 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)


mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

事务2：

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |    1000 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1000 |
+----+----------+---------+

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name     | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |     500 |
|  2 | lisi     |    1500 |
+----+----------+---------+