类和子类的一些例子

// 关于类的示例

class  Shape{ // 首字母大写
     var  numberOfSides =  0
     func  simpleDescription() ->  String {
         return "A shape with  \( numberOfSides )  sides."
    }
}

var  shape =  Shape () // 注意编译器要求一定的编程规范
shape . numberOfSides  =  7
var  sharpeDescription =  shape . simpleDescription ()

class  NamedShape {
     var  numberOfSides:  Int  =  0
     var  name:  String
     init (name:  String ){ // 构造器，用于初始化， deinit 析构函数用来在清理中执行一些操作
         self . name  = name
    }
    
     func  simpleeDescription() ->  String {
         return   "A shape wit  \( name )  sides."
    }
}
var  nameShape =  NamedShape ( name:  "Zhangwei" )
nameShape . numberOfSides  =  7
nameShape . simpleeDescription ()

// 子类
class  Square:  NamedShape { //: 后为父类名
     var  sideLength:  Double
     init (sideLength: Double , name:  String ) {
         self . sideLength  = sideLength
         super . init (name: name)
         numberOfSides  =  4
    }
     func  area() ->  Double {
         return   sideLength  *  sideLength
    }
     override   func  simpleeDescription() ->  String  { // 重写父类方法的话需要 override  标记
         return   "A square with sides of  \( sideLength ) "
    }
    
}
let  test =  Square (sideLength:  5.2 , name:  "ZhiMing" )
test . area ()
test . simpleeDescription ()
class  EquilateralTriangle:  NamedShape {
     var  sideLength: Double
     init (sideLength: Double ,name:  String ) {
         self . sideLength  = sideLength
         super . init (name: name)
         numberOfSides  =  3
    }
     var  perimeter: Double {
         get {
             return   3.0  *  sideLength
        }
         set {
             sideLength  = newValue /  3.0 //newVale 为新值，如果需要在设置一个新值运行一些代码可以用 willSet 和 didSet
        }
    }
     override   func  simpleeDescription() ->  String  {
         return   "An equ length \( sideLength ) "
    }
}
var  triangle =  EquilateralTriangle (sideLength:  3.1 , name:  "a triangle" )
triangle . perimeter
triangle . perimeter  =  9.9
triangle . sideLength

class  TriangleAndSquare { //willSet 的示例，不过我并没有完全明白
     var  triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
         willSet {
             square . sideLength  = newValue. sideLength
        }
        
    }
     var  square: Square {
         willSet {
             triangle . sideLength  = newValue. sideLength
        }
    }
     init (size:  Double ,name:  String ){
         square  =  Square (sideLength: size, name: name)
         triangle  =  EquilateralTriangle (sideLength: size, name: name)
    }
}
var  triangleAndSquare =  TriangleAndSquare (size:  10 , name:  "another test shape" )
triangleAndSquare . square . sideLength
triangleAndSquare . triangle . sideLength
triangleAndSquare . square  =  Square (sideLength:  50 , name:  "larger Square" )
triangleAndSquare . triangle . sideLength

let  optionalSquare:  Square ? =  Square (sideLength:  2.5 , name:  "optional square" )
let  sideLength =  optionalSquare ?. sideLength