了解过tomcat的组成，tomcat的类加载器结构，接下来了解一下tomcat的启动过程。
Bootstrap 的 main 方法
public static void main(String args[]) {
synchronized (daemonLock) {
if (daemon == null) {
// Don't set daemon until init() has completed
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
try {
bootstrap.init();
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleThrowable(t);
t.printStackTrace();
return;
}
daemon = bootstrap;
} else {
// When running as a service the call to stop will be on a new
// thread so make sure the correct class loader is used to
// prevent a range of class not found exceptions.
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(daemon.catalinaLoader);
}
}
try {
String command = "start";
if (args.length > 0) {
command = args[args.length - 1];
}
if (command.equals("startd")) {
args[args.length - 1] = "start";
daemon.load(args);
daemon.start();
} else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
daemon.stop();
} else if (command.equals("start")) {
daemon.setAwait(true);
daemon.load(args);
daemon.start();
if (null == daemon.getServer()) {
System.exit(1);
}
} else if (command.equals("stop")) {
daemon.stopServer(args);
} else if (command.equals("configtest")) {
daemon.load(args);
if (null == daemon.getServer()) {
System.exit(1);
}
System.exit(0);
} else {
log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
// Unwrap the Exception for clearer error reporting
if (t instanceof InvocationTargetException &&
t.getCause() != null) {
t = t.getCause();
}
handleThrowable(t);
t.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}
}
main 方法可以分解为两部分：
-
实例化一个 Bootstrap 对象，并调用 init 方法，然后赋值给 daemon 变量.
-
根据传递进来的参数决定走哪一个命令，例如 : 当双击 startup.bat 时，传进来的是 start
本文主要分析 Bootstrap 类的 init， setAwait ，load 以及 start 方法。
init 方法
public void init() throws Exception {
initClassLoaders();
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(catalinaLoader);
SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader);
// Load our startup class and call its process() method
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Loading startup class");
Class<?> startupClass = catalinaLoader.loadClass("org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina");
Object startupInstance = startupClass.getConstructor().newInstance();
// Set the shared extensions class loader
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Setting startup class properties");
String methodName = "setParentClassLoader";
Class<?> paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
paramTypes[0] = Class.forName("java.lang.ClassLoader");
Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
paramValues[0] = sharedLoader;
Method method =
startupInstance.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
method.invoke(startupInstance, paramValues);
catalinaDaemon = startupInstance;
}
init 方法中首先调用initClassLoaders方法初始化CommonLoader，SharedLoader，CatalinaLoader，然后将初始化好的catalinaLoader设置到当前线程，接着通过反射初始化org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina类生成对象startupInstance ，并调用setParentClassLoader，将sharedLoader设置为父加载器。
为什么要通过反射调用初始化 Catalina 类？
这样做是为了解耦，Bootstrap 直接依赖JRE运行并为Tomcat应用服务器创建共享类加载器，用于构造Catalina和整个tomcat服务器，而tomcat的主要业务代码在Catalina中，实现了启动入口和核心环境的解耦。
通过观察tomcat编译好的包，我们也可以发现bootstrap在bin目录下，而catalina在lib目录下。
有关initClassLoaders在类加载器篇章中介绍过，这里不再分析。
SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader)用于线程安全的加载tomcat容器所需的class， 只有当以安全模式启动 tomcat 的时候才会起作用具体实现代码如下：
public static void securityClassLoad(ClassLoader loader) throws Exception {
securityClassLoad(loader, true);
}
static void securityClassLoad(ClassLoader loader, boolean requireSecurityManager)
throws Exception {
if (requireSecurityManager && System.getSecurityManager() == null) {
return;
}
loadCorePackage(loader);
loadCoyotePackage(loader);
loadLoaderPackage(loader);
loadRealmPackage(loader);
loadServletsPackage(loader);
loadSessionPackage(loader);
loadUtilPackage(loader);
loadJavaxPackage(loader);
loadConnectorPackage(loader);
loadTomcatPackage(loader);
}
setAwait 方法
public void setAwait(boolean await)
throws Exception {
Class<?> paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
paramTypes[0] = Boolean.TYPE;
Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
paramValues[0] = Boolean.valueOf(await);
Method method =
catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod("setAwait", paramTypes);
method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, paramValues);
}
setAwait 方法通过反射调用了catalina的setAwait方法，该方法设置的await值是留给后面用的标志位，当Catalina将Tomcat的所有组件启动之后，会检查await属性，如果为true，会调用Catalina.await()：
public void start() {
......
if (await) {
await();
stop();
}
}
而Catalina.await()又会调用其StandardServer的await 方法:
public void await() {
getServer().await();
}
StandardServer.await()方法包含一个 while 循环，此循环用于监听指定 socket 端口 (默认为 8005) 的连接，当某个连接传入的参数为”SHUTDOWN”(默认为”SHUTDOWN”)时，终止此while循环(端口号和终止while循环的参数，在server.xml的Server标签设置)。
我们都知道在 JVM 中， 当不存在任何一个非守护线程的线程时，jvm也就会停止。
Server.await()用来维持Bootstrap的main方法(main thread)处于运行状态，而线程池中监听http请求的线程是守护线程(daemon thread)。
当Tomcat的指定端口接收到关闭命令时，Server.await()内的while循环终止，然后Catalina会调用stop()方法，关闭Tomcat的所有组件，最终Bootstrap的main thread终止，Tomcat关闭。
load 方法
private void load(String[] arguments)
throws Exception {
// Call the load() method
String methodName = "load";
Object param[];
Class<?> paramTypes[];
if (arguments==null || arguments.length==0) {
paramTypes = null;
param = null;
} else {
paramTypes = new Class[1];
paramTypes[0] = arguments.getClass();
param = new Object[1];
param[0] = arguments;
}
Method method =
catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Calling startup class " + method);
method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, param);
}
该方法通过反射调用catalina的load方法。
catalina 的 load 方法如下:
public void load() {
if (loaded) {
return;
}
loaded = true;
long t1 = System.nanoTime();
initDirs();
// Before digester - it may be needed
initNaming();
// Create and execute our Digester
Digester digester = createStartDigester();
InputSource inputSource = null;
InputStream inputStream = null;
File file = null;
try {
try {
file = configFile();
inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
inputSource = new InputSource(file.toURI().toURL().toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail", file), e);
}
}
if (inputStream == null) {
try {
inputStream = getClass().getClassLoader()
.getResourceAsStream(getConfigFile());
inputSource = new InputSource
(getClass().getClassLoader()
.getResource(getConfigFile()).toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
getConfigFile()), e);
}
}
}
// This should be included in catalina.jar
// Alternative: don't bother with xml, just create it manually.
if (inputStream == null) {
try {
inputStream = getClass().getClassLoader()
.getResourceAsStream("server-embed.xml");
inputSource = new InputSource
(getClass().getClassLoader()
.getResource("server-embed.xml").toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
"server-embed.xml"), e);
}
}
}
if (inputStream == null || inputSource == null) {
if (file == null) {
log.warn(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
getConfigFile() + "] or [server-embed.xml]"));
} else {
log.warn(sm.getString("catalina.configFail",
file.getAbsolutePath()));
if (file.exists() && !file.canRead()) {
log.warn("Permissions incorrect, read permission is not allowed on the file.");
}
}
return;
}
try {
inputSource.setByteStream(inputStream);
digester.push(this);
digester.parse(inputSource);
} catch (SAXParseException spe) {
log.warn("Catalina.start using " + getConfigFile() + ": " +
spe.getMessage());
return;
} catch (Exception e) {
log.warn("Catalina.start using " + getConfigFile() + ": " , e);
return;
}
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
try {
inputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// Ignore
}
}
}
getServer().setCatalina(this);
getServer().setCatalinaHome(Bootstrap.getCatalinaHomeFile());
getServer().setCatalinaBase(Bootstrap.getCatalinaBaseFile());
// Stream redirection
initStreams();
// Start the new server
try {
getServer().init();
} catch (LifecycleException e) {
if (Boolean.getBoolean("org.apache.catalina.startup.EXIT_ON_INIT_FAILURE")) {
throw new java.lang.Error(e);
} else {
log.error("Catalina.start", e);
}
}
long t2 = System.nanoTime();
if(log.isInfoEnabled()) {
log.info("Initialization processed in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");
}
}
catalina的load方法首先初始化目录（initDirs）和初始化命名服务（initNaming），然后是createStartDigester，为Xml的标签即解析模式增加处理规则rule:
protected Digester createStartDigester() {
long t1=System.currentTimeMillis();
// Initialize the digester
Digester digester = new Digester();
digester.setValidating(false);
digester.setRulesValidation(true);
Map<Class<?>, List<String>> fakeAttributes = new HashMap<>();
// Ignore className on all elements
List<String> objectAttrs = new ArrayList<>();
objectAttrs.add("className");
fakeAttributes.put(Object.class, objectAttrs);
// Ignore attribute added by Eclipse for its internal tracking
List<String> contextAttrs = new ArrayList<>();
contextAttrs.add("source");
fakeAttributes.put(StandardContext.class, contextAttrs);
// Ignore Connector attribute used internally but set on Server
List<String> connectorAttrs = new ArrayList<>();
connectorAttrs.add("portOffset");
fakeAttributes.put(Connector.class, connectorAttrs);
digester.setFakeAttributes(fakeAttributes);
digester.setUseContextClassLoader(true);
// Configure the actions we will be using
digester.addObjectCreate("Server",
"org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer",
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server");
digester.addSetNext("Server",
"setServer",
"org.apache.catalina.Server");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/GlobalNamingResources",
"org.apache.catalina.deploy.NamingResourcesImpl");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/GlobalNamingResources");
digester.addSetNext("Server/GlobalNamingResources",
"setGlobalNamingResources",
"org.apache.catalina.deploy.NamingResourcesImpl");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Listener",
null, // MUST be specified in the element
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Listener");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Listener",
"addLifecycleListener",
"org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service",
"org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService",
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service",
"addService",
"org.apache.catalina.Service");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Listener",
null, // MUST be specified in the element
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Listener");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Listener",
"addLifecycleListener",
"org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");
//Executor
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Executor",
"org.apache.catalina.core.StandardThreadExecutor",
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Executor");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Executor",
"addExecutor",
"org.apache.catalina.Executor");
digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector",
new ConnectorCreateRule());
digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector", new SetAllPropertiesRule(
new String[]{"executor", "sslImplementationName", "protocol"}));
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector",
"addConnector",
"org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector");
digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector", new AddPortOffsetRule());
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLHostConfig");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig",
"addSslHostConfig",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLHostConfig");
digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/Certificate",
new CertificateCreateRule());
digester.addRule("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/Certificate",
new SetAllPropertiesRule(new String[]{"type"}));
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/Certificate",
"addCertificate",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SSLHostConfigCertificate");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/OpenSSLConf",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLConf");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/OpenSSLConf");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/OpenSSLConf",
"setOpenSslConf",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLConf");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/OpenSSLConf/OpenSSLConfCmd",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLConfCmd");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/OpenSSLConf/OpenSSLConfCmd");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/SSLHostConfig/OpenSSLConf/OpenSSLConfCmd",
"addCmd",
"org.apache.tomcat.util.net.openssl.OpenSSLConfCmd");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Connector/Listener",
null, // MUST be specified in the element
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Connector/Listener");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/Listener",
"addLifecycleListener",
"org.apache.catalina.LifecycleListener");
digester.addObjectCreate("Server/Service/Connector/UpgradeProtocol",
null, // MUST be specified in the element
"className");
digester.addSetProperties("Server/Service/Connector/UpgradeProtocol");
digester.addSetNext("Server/Service/Connector/UpgradeProtocol",
"addUpgradeProtocol",
"org.apache.coyote.UpgradeProtocol");
// Add RuleSets for nested elements
digester.addRuleSet(new NamingRuleSet("Server/GlobalNamingResources/"));
digester.addRuleSet(new EngineRuleSet("Server/Service/"));
digester.addRuleSet(new HostRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/"));
digester.addRuleSet(new ContextRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/Host/"));
addClusterRuleSet(digester, "Server/Service/Engine/Host/Cluster/");
digester.addRuleSet(new NamingRuleSet("Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context/"));
// When the 'engine' is found, set the parentClassLoader.
digester.addRule("Server/Service/Engine",
new SetParentClassLoaderRule(parentClassLoader));
addClusterRuleSet(digester, "Server/Service/Engine/Cluster/");
long t2=System.currentTimeMillis();
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("Digester for server.xml created " + ( t2-t1 ));
}
return digester;
}
接着使用 disgeter 解析server.xml，之后调用解析创建的 StandardServer 对象 server 的 init 方法， StandardServer 的 init 方法又会调用内部的 service 的 init 方法，像这样一级一级下去初始化所有的组件。
Digester 简单介绍
一般用来读取xml文件的工具包有DOM、SAX和JDOM等方法。
org.apache.commons.digester
该包提供了基于规则的，可任意处理XML文档的类，底层采用SAX解析XML文件，对象转换由"事件"驱动，在遍历每个节点时，检查是否有匹配模式，如果有，则执行规则定义的操作，比如创建特定的Java对象，或调用特定对象的方法等。此处的XML元素根据匹配模式(matching pattern)识别，而相关操作由规则(rule)定义。
简而言之，这是一个基于Sax的解析xml文件并根据我们提供的规则生成java对象的工具，
示例代码：
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
public class CreateMyObject {
private School school;
public static void main(String[] args) {
File xml = new File(CreateMyObject.class.getResource("school.xml").getFile());
Digester digester = new Digester();
digester.addObjectCreate("school", "com.smlf.disgeter.School");
digester.addSetProperties("school");
digester.addObjectCreate("school/monitor", "com.smlf.disgeter.Monitor");
digester.addSetProperties("school/monitor");
digester.addSetNext("school/monitor" , "setMonitor", "com.smlf.disgeter.Monitor" );
School school = null;
try {
school = (School) digester.parse(xml);
} catch (SAXException e) {
System.out.println("parse with mistakes!");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(school.getName());
System.out.println(school.getMonitor().getName());
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<school name="扬州小学" location="扬州">
<monitor name="司马老峰" age="26" sex="男">
</monitor>
</school>
package com.smlf.disgeter;
public class School {
private String name;
private String location;
private Monitor monitor;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getLocation() {
return location;
}
public void setLocation(String location) {
this.location = location;
}
public Monitor getMonitor() {
return monitor;
}
public void setMonitor(Monitor monitor) {
this.monitor = monitor;
}
}
package com.smlf.disgeter;
public class Monitor {
private String name;
private String sex;
private int age;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getSex() {
return sex;
}
public void setSex(String sex) {
this.sex = sex;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
执行结果
start 方法
Bootstrap 类的 start 方法通过反射调用了 Catalina 类的 start 方法：
public void start()
throws Exception {
if( catalinaDaemon==null ) init();
Method method = catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod("start", (Class [] )null);
method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, (Object [])null);
}
Catalina 类的 start 方法则是从server开始一层一层的向下调用各个组件的start方法，接着依据之前的setAwait方法设置的变量，决定是否在8005端口监听，保证主线程一直在运行，直到收到SHUTDOWN命令
public void start() {
if (getServer() == null) {
load();
}
if (getServer() == null) {
log.fatal("Cannot start server. Server instance is not configured.");
return;
}
long t1 = System.nanoTime();
// Start the new server
try {
getServer().start();
} catch (LifecycleException e) {
log.fatal(sm.getString("catalina.serverStartFail"), e);
try {
getServer().destroy();
} catch (LifecycleException e1) {
log.debug("destroy() failed for failed Server ", e1);
}
return;
}
long t2 = System.nanoTime();
if(log.isInfoEnabled()) {
log.info("Server startup in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");
}
// Register shutdown hook
if (useShutdownHook) {
if (shutdownHook == null) {
shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();
}
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
// If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since
// shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost
// if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()
LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
false);
}
}
if (await) {
await();
stop();
}
}
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