https://github.com/iBotPeaches/Apktool
Introduction
Basic
First l
ets take a lesson into apk files. apks are nothing more than a zip file containing resources and compiled java. If you were to simply unzip an apk like so, you would be left with files such as classes.dex and resources.arsc.
$ unzip testapp.apk
Archive: testapp.apk
inflating: AndroidManifest.xml
inflating: classes.dex
extracting: res/drawable-hdpi/ic_launcher.png
inflating: res/xml/literals.xml
inflating: res/xml/references.xml
extracting: resources.arsc
However, at this point you have simply inflated compiled sources. If you tried to view AndroidManifest.xml. You'd be left viewing this.
P4F0\fnversionCodeversionNameandroid*http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/androidpackageplatform
BuildVersionCodeplatform
BuildVersionNamemanifestbrut.apktool.testapp1.021APKTOOL
Obviously, editing or viewing a compiled file is next to impossible. That is where Apktool comes into play.
$ apktool d testapp.apk
I: Using Apktool 2.0.0 on testapp.apk
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding AndroidManifest.xml with resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: 1.apk
I: Regular manifest package...
I: Decoding file-resources...
I: Decoding values */* XMLs...
I: Baksmaling classes.dex...
I: Copying ass
ets and libs...
$
Viewing AndroidManifest.xml again results in som
ething much more human readable
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="brut.apktool.testapp" platform
BuildVersionCode="21" platform
BuildVersionName="APKTOOL"/>
In addition to XMLs, resources such as 9 patch images, layouts, strings and much more are correctly decoded to source form.
Decoding
The decode option on Apktool can be invoked either from d or decode like shown below.
$ apktool d foo.jar
// decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder
$ apktool decode foo.jar
// decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder
$ apktool d bar.apk
// decodes bar.apk to bar folder
$ apktool decode bar.apk
// decodes bar.apk to bar folder
$ apktool d bar.apk -o baz
// decodes bar.apk to baz folder
Building
The
build option can be invoked either from b or
build like shown below
$ apktool b foo.jar.out
//
builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar file
$ apktool
build foo.jar.out
//
builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar file
$ apktool b bar
//
builds bar folder into bar/dist/bar.apk file
$ apktool b .
//
builds current directory into ./dist
$ apktool b bar -o new_bar.apk
//
builds bar folder into new_bar.apk
$ apktool b bar.apk
// WRONG: brut.androlib.AndrolibException: brut.directory.PathNotExist: apktool.yml
// Must use folder, not apk/jar file
InfoIn order to run a rebuilt application. You must resign the application. Android documentation can help with this.
Frameworks
Frameworks can be installed either from if or install-framework, in addition two param
eters
-p, --frame-path <dir> - Store framework files into <dir>
-t, --tag <tag> - Tag frameworks using <tag>
Allow for a finer control over how the files are named and how they are stored.
$ apktool if framework-res.apk
I: Framework installed to: 1.apk
// pkgId of framework-res.apk d
etermines number (which is 0x01)
$ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk
I: Framework installed to: 2.apk
// pkgId of com.htc.resources is 0x02
$ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t htc
I: Framework installed to: 2-htc.apk
// pkgId-tag.apk
$ apktool if framework-res.apk -p foo/bar
I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1.apk
$ apktool if framework-res.apk -t baz -p foo/bar
I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1-baz.apk
Migration Instructions
v2.1.1 -> v2.2.0
Run the following commands to migrate your framework directory
Apktool will work fine without running these commands, this will just cleanup abandoned files
unix -
mkdir -p ~/.local/share; mv ~/apktool ~/.local/share
windows -
move %USERPROFILE%\apktool %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local
v2.0.1 -> v2.0.2
Update apktool to v2.0.2
Remove framework file $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk due to internal API update (Android Marshmallow)
v1.5.x -> v2.0.0
Java 1.7 is required
Update apktool to v2.0.0
aapt is now included inside the apktool binary. It's not required to maintain your own aapt install under $PATH. (However, features like -a / --aapt are still used and can override the internal aapt)
The addition of aapt replaces the need for separate aapt download packages. Helper Scripts may be found here
Remove framework $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk
Eagle eyed users will notice resources are now decoded before sources now. This is because we need to know the API version via the manifest for decoding the sources
Param
eter Changes
Smali/baksmali 2.0 are included. This is a big change from 1.4.2. Please read the smali updates here for more information
-o / --output is now used for the output of apk/directory
-t / --tag is required for tagging framework files
-advance / --advanced will launch advance param
eters and information on the usage output
-m / --match-original is a new feature for apk analysis. This r
etains the apk is nearly original format, but will make re
build more than likely not work due to ignoring the changes that newer aapt requires
After [d]ecode, there will be new folders (original / unknown) in the decoded apk folder
original = M
ETA-INF folder / AndroidManifest.xml, which are needed to r
etain the signature of apks to prevent needing to resign. Used with -c / --copy-original on [b]uild
unknown = Files / folders that are not part of the standard AOSP
build procedure. These files will be injected back into the rebuilt APK.
apktool.yml collects more information than last version
SdkInfo - Used to repopulate the sdk information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via param
eter
packageInfo - Used to help support Android 4.2 renamed manifest feature. Automatically d
etects differences b
etween resource and manifest and performs automatic --rename-manifest-package on [b]uild
versionInfo - Used to repopulate the version information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via param
eter
compressionType - Used to d
etermine the compression that resources.arsc had on the original apk in order to replicate during [b]uild
unknownFiles - Used to record name/location of non-standard files in an apk in order to place correctly on rebuilt apk
sharedLibrary - Used to help support Android 5 shared library feature by automatically d
etecting shared libraries and using --shared-lib on [b]uild
Examples of new usage in 2.0
vs 1.5.x
Old (Apktool 1.5.x) New (Apktool 2.0.x)
apktool if framework-res.apk tag apktool if framework-res.apk -t tag
apktool d framework-res.apk output apktool d framework.res.apk -o output
apktool b output new.apk apktool b output -o new.apk
v1.4.x -> v1.5.1
Update apktool to v1.5.1
Update aapt manually or use package r05-ibot via downloading Mac, Windows or Linux
Remove framework file $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk
Intermediate
Framework Files
As you probably know, Android apps utilize code and resources that are found on the Android OS itself. These are known as framework resources and Apktool relies on these to properly decode and
build apks.
Every Apktool release contains internally the most up to date AOSP framework at the time of the release. This allows you to decode and
build most apks without a problem. However, manufacturers add their own framework files in addition to the regular AOSP ones. To use apktool against these manufacturer apks you must first install the manufacturer framework files.
Example
L
ets say you want to decode HtcContacts.apk from an HTC device. If you try you will g
et an
error message.
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: 1.apk
W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=drawable
W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=icon
Can't find framework resources for package of id: 2. You must install proper framework files, see project website for more info.
We must g
et HTC framework resources before decoding this apk. We pull com.htc.resources.apk from our device and install it
$ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk
I: Framework installed to: 2.apk
Now we will try this decode again.
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2.apk
I: Copying ass
ets and libs...
As you can see. Apktool leveraged both 1.apk and 2.apk framework files in order to properly decode this application.
Finding Frameworks
For the most part any apk in /system/framework on a device will be a framework file. On some devices they might reside in /data/system-framework and even cleverly hidden in /system/app or /system/priv-app. They are usually named with the naming of "resources", "res" or "framework".
Example HTC has a framework called com.htc.resources.apk, LG has one called lge-res.apk
After you find a framework file you could pull it via adb pull /path/to/file or use a file manager application. After you have the file locally, pay attention to how Apktool installs it. The number that the framework is named during install corresponds to the pkgId of the application. These values should range from 1 to 9. Any APK that installs itself as 127 is 0x7F which is an internal pkgId.
Internal Frameworks
Apktool comes with an internal framework like mentioned above. This file is copied to $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk during use.
Warning Apktool has no knowledge of what version of framework resides there. It will assume its up to date, so del
ete the file during Apktool upgrades
Managing framework files
Frameworks are stored in $HOME/apktool/framework for Windows and Unix systems. Mac OS X has a slightly different folder location of $HOME/Library/apktool/framework. If these directories are not available it will default to java.io.tmpdir which is usually /tmp. This is a volatile directory so it would make sense to take advantage of the param
eter --frame-path to select an alternative folder for framework files.
Note Apktool has no control over the frameworks once installed, but you are free to manage these files on your own.
Tagging framework files
Frameworks are stored in the naming convention of: <id>-<tag>.apk. They are identified by pkgId and optionally custom tag. Usually tagging frameworks isn't necessary, but if you work on apps from many different devices and they have incompatible frameworks, you will need some way to easily switch b
etween them. You could tag frameworks by:
$ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t hero
I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk
$ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t desire
I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk
Then:
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t hero
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk
I: Copying ass
ets and libs...
$ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t desire
I: Loading resource table...
I: Decoding resources...
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk
I: Loading resource table from file: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk
I: Copying ass
ets and libs...
You don't have to select a tag when
building apk - apktool automatically uses the same tag, as when decoding.
Smali Debugging
Warning SmaliDebugging has been marked as deprecated in 2.0.3, and removed in 2.1. Please check SmaliIdea for a debugger.
Apktool makes possible to debug smali code step by step, watch variables, s
et breakpoints,
etc.
General information
Generally we need several things to run Java debugging session:
debugger server (usually Java VM)
debugger client (usually IDE like IntelliJ, Eclipse or N
etbeans)
client must have sources of debugged application
server must have binaries compiled with debugging symbols referencing these sources
sources must be java files with at least package and class definitions, to properly connect them with debugging symbols
In our particular situation we have:
server: Monitor (Previously DDMS), part of Android SDK, standard for debugging Android applications - explained here
client: any JPDA client - most of decent IDEs have support for this protocol.
sources: smali code modified by apktool to satisfy above requirements (".java" extension, class declaration,
etc.). Apktool modifies them when decoding apk in debug mode.
binaries: when
building apk in debug mode, apktool removes original symbols and adds new, which are referencing smali code (line numbers, registers/variables,
etc.)
Info To successfully run debug sessions, the apk must be both decoded and built in debug mode. Decoding with debug decodes the application differently to allow the debug re
build option to inject lines allowing the debugger to identify variables and types.-d / --debug
General instructions
Above information is enough to debug smali code using apktool, but if you aren't familiar with DDMS and Java debugging, then you probably still don't know how to do it. Below are simple instructions for doing it using IntelliJ or N
etbeans.
Decode apk in debug mode: $ apktool d -d -o out app.apk
Build new apk in debug mode: $ apktool b -d out
Sign, install and run new apk.
Follow sub-instructions below depending on IDE.
IntelliJ (Android
Studio) instructions
In IntelliJ add new Java Module Project selecting the "out" directory as project location and the "smali" subdirectory as content root dir.
Run Monitor (Android SDK /
tools folder), find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be som
ething like "86xx / 8700".
In IntelliJ: Debug -> Edit Configurations. Since this is a new project, you will have to create a Debugger.
Create a Remote Debugger, with the s
ettings on "Attach" and s
etting the Port to 8700 (Or whatever Monitor said). The rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok".
Start the debugging session. You will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel.
S
et breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't s
et breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#".
Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables,
etc.
N
etbeans instructions
In N
etbeans add new Java Project with Existing Sources, select "out" directory as project root and "smali" subdirectory as sources dir.
Run DDMS, find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be som
ething like "86xx / 8700".
In N
etbeans: Debug -> Attach Debugger -> select JPDA and s
et Port to 8700 (or whatever you saw in previous step). Rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok".
Debugging session should start: you will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel.
S
et breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't s
et breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#".
Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables,
etc.
Limitations/Issues
Because IDE doesn't have full sources, it doesn't know about class members and such.
Variables watching works because most of data could be read from memory (objects in Java know about their types), but if for example, you watch an object and it has some nulled member, then you won't see, what type this member is.
9Patch Images
Docs exist for the mysterious 9patch images here and there. (Read these first). These docs though are meant for developers and lack information for those who work with already compiled 3rd party applications. There you can find information how to create them, but no information about how they actually work.
I will try and explain it here. The official docs miss one point that 9patch images come in two forms: source & compiled.
source - You know this one. You find it in the source of an application or freely available online. These are images with a black border around them.
compiled - The mysterious form found in apk files. There are no borders and the 9patch data is written into a binary chunk called npTc. You can't see or modify it easily, but Android OS can as its quicker to read.
There are problems related to the above two points.
You can't move 9patch images b
etween both types without a conversion. If you try and unpack 9patch images from an apk and use it in the source of another, you will g
et errors during
build. Also vice versa, you cannot take source 9patch images directly into an apk.
9patch binary chunk isn't recognized by modern image processing
tools. So modifying the compiled image will more than likely break the npTc chunk, thus breaking the image on the device.
The only solution to this problem is to easily convert b
etween these two types. The encoder (which takes source to compiled) is built into the aapt tool and is automatically used during
build. This means we only need to
build a decoder which has been in apktool since v1.3.0 and is automatically ran on all 9patch images during decode.
So if you want to modify 9patch images, don't do it directly. Use apktool to decode the application (including the 9patch images) and then modify the images. At that point when you
build the application back, the source 9patch images will be compiled.
Other
FAQ
What about the -j switch shown from the original YouTube videos?
Read Issue 199. In short - it doesn't exist.
Is it possible to run apktool on a device?
Sadly not. There are some incompatibilities with SnakeYAML, java.nio and aapt
Where can I download sources of apktool?
From our Github or Bitbuck
et project.
Resulting apk file is much smaller than original! Is there som
ething missing?
There are a couple of reasons that might cause this.
Apktool
builds unsigned apks. This means an entire directory M
ETA-INF is missing.
New aapt binary. Newer versions of apktool contain a newer aapt which optimizes images differently.
These points might have contributed to a smaller than normal apk
There is no M
ETA-INF dir in resulting apk. Is this ok?
Yes. M
ETA-INF contains apk signatures. After modifying the apk it is no longer signed. You can use -c / --copy-original to r
etain these signatures. However, using -c uses the original AndroidManifest.xml file, so changes to it will be lost.
What do you call "magic apks"?
For some reason there are apks that are built using modified
build tools. These apks don't work on a regular AOSP Android
build, but usually are accompanied by a modified system that can read these modified apks. Apktool cannot handle these apks, therefore they are "magic".
Could I integrate apktool into my own tool? Could I modify apktool sources? Do I have to credit you?
Actually the Apache License, which apktool uses, answers all these questions. Yes you can redistribute and/or modify apktool without my permission. However, if you do it would be nice to add our contributors (brut.all, iBotPeaches and JesusFreke) into your credits but it's not required.
Where does apktool store its framework files?
unix -
$HOME/.local/share/apktool
mac -
$HOME/Library/apktool
windows -
$HOME/AppData/Local/apktool
Options
Utility
Options that can be executed at any time.
-version, --version
Outputs current version. (Ex: 1.5.2)
-v, --verbose
Verbose output. Must be first param
eter
-q, --qui
et
Qui
et output. Must be first param
eter
-advance, --advanced
Advance usage output
Decode
These are all the options when decoding an apk.
--api <API>
The numeric api-level of the smali files to generate (defaults to targ
etSdkVersion)
-b, --no-debug-info
Prevents baksmali from writing out debug info (.local, .param, .line,
etc). Preferred to use if you are comparing smali from the same APK of different versions. The line numbers and debug will change among versions, which can make DIFF reports a pain.
-f, --force
Force del
ete destination directory. Use when trying to decode to a folder that already exists
--keep-broken-res - Advanced
If there is an
error like "Invalid Config Flags D
etected. Dropping Resources...". This means that APK has a different structure then Apktool can handle. This might be a newer Android version or a random APK that doesn't match standards. Running this will allow the decode, but then you have to manually fix the folders with -ERR in them.
-m, --match-original - Used for analysis
Matches files closest as possible to original, but prevents re
build.
-o, --output <DIR>
The name of the folder that apk g
ets written to
-p, --frame-path <DIR>
The folder location where framework files should be stored/read from
-r, --no-res
This will prevent the decompile of resources. This keeps the resources.arsc intact without any decode. If only editing Java (smali) then this is the recommend for faster decompile & re
build
-s, --no-src
This will prevent the disassemble of the dex files. This keeps the apk classes.dex file and simply moves it during
build. If your only editing the resources. This is recommended for faster decompile & re
build
-t, --frame-tag <TAG>
Uses framework files tagged via <TAG>
Re
build
These are all the options when
building an apk.
-a, --aapt <FILE>
Loads aapt from the specified file location, instead of relying on path. Falls back to $PATH loading, if no file found
-c, --copy-original - Will still require signature resign post API18
Copies original AndroidManifest.xml and M
ETA-INF folder into built apk
-d, --debug
Adds debuggable="true" to AndroidManifest file.
-f, --force-all
Overwrites existing files during
build, reassembling the resources.arsc file and classes.dex file
-o, --output <FILE>
The name and location of the apk that g
ets written
-p, --frame-path <DIR>
The location where framework files are loaded from
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