mysql主从

mysql主从

1.主从介绍

MySQL主从又叫做Replication、AB复制。简单讲就是A和B两台机器做主从后，在A上写数据，另外一台B也会跟着写数据，两者数据实时同步的

1.1 主从的作用

• 实时灾备，用于故障切换
• 读写分离，提供查询服务
• 备份，避免影响业务

1.2主从的形式

1.一主一从
2. 主主复制
3. 一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
4. 多主一从—5.7开始支持
5. 联级复制

2.主从复制原理

主从复制过程：

主上面把所有的写操作记录到binlog日志生成logdump线程，从上面有两个线程，I/O线程和SQL线程，I/O线程去请求主上面的binlog日志，而主上面通过logdump线程发送binlog日志到到从服务器上，从服务器收到了请求的binlog日志之后，写到本地的relaylog日志（中继日志）上面，sql线程去读取relaylog日志，重放relaylog日志的内容，并解析成具体操作重新执行一遍，实现从上面的数据和主上面的数据完全一样。

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

• 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
• 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
• 配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
• 配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.100.100	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	192.168.100.96	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	无数据

mysql安装

# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@96 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@96 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@96 ~]# getenforce
Disabled


# 创建用户和组
[root@96 src]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@96 src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql


# 下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@96 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@96 src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

# 解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@96 src]# ls
debug  kernels  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@96 src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@96 ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin  games    lib    libexec                              sbin   src
etc  include  lib64  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  share
[root@96 ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@96 local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’

# 修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@96 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql

# 添加环境变量
[root@96 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin  COPYING  docs  include  lib  man  README  share  support-files
[root@96 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@96 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@96 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin


# 建立数据存放目录
[root@96 mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@96 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@96 mysql]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Aug 14 16:54 data

# 初始化数据库
[root@96 ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2018-08-15T07:57:46.168380Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2018-08-15T07:57:50.542516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2018-08-15T07:57:50.927286Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.071260Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: e8600890-a060-11e8-b1a2-000c294c50b4.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.074566Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.078089Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generatedfor root@localhost: hfGdwnViq6,,
# 请注意，这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是hfGdwnViq6,,

# 配置mysql
[root@96 ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[root@96 ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@96 ~]# ldconfig -v

# 生成配置文件
[root@96 ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF

# 配置服务启动脚本
[root@96 ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@96 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@96 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

# 启动mysql
[root@96 ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!  
[root@96 ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128         *:22                      *:*
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                      *:*
LISTEN      0      128        :::22                     :::*
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                     :::*
LISTEN      0      80         :::3306                   :::* 
 
# 修改密码
# 使用临时密码登录
[root@96 ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘hfGdwnViq6,,’
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

# 设置新密码
mysql> set password = password('shicailun123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye

# 使用新密码登录
[root@96 ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘shicailun123！’
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

# 查看主库有哪些库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| scl                |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

# 查看从库中有哪些库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

# 主库比从库多了一个scl库，查看主库中scl库有哪些表
mysql> use scl
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_scl |
+---------------+
| student       |
+---------------+

# 查看scl表中的内容
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
+----+-----------+------+

# 全备主库
# 全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致，加锁命令如下
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
# 此锁住的终端必须在另一终端备份完成后才能退出

# 备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pscl666 --all-databases > all-201908202014
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master ~]# ls
all-201908202014

[root@master ~]# scp all-201908202014 root@192.168.100.96:/root/

# 解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> quit
Bye

# 在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看内容，确保跟主库一致
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666 < all-201908202014 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| scl                |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666 -e 'select *from scl.student;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
+----+-----------+------+
# 可以看到目前内容跟主库完全一致

在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'repl'@'192.168.100.96' identified by 'repl666';
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.100.96';
mysql> flush privileges;

配置主数据库

# 编辑配置文件/etc/my.cnf   在[mysqld]这段后面加上如下内容
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
...
log-bin = mysql_bin   # 启用binlog日志
server-id = 1         # 数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值必须比从库的小

# 重启mysql服务
[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 

# 查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000004 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+

配置从数据库

# 编辑配置文件/etc/my.cnf   在[mysqld]这段后面加上如下内容
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
...
relay-log = mysql_relay_bin   # 启用relay（中继日志）日志
server-id = 2         # 数据库服务器唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须比主库的大

# 重启从库的mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!

# 配置并启动主从复制
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pscl666
mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='192.168.100.100',
    -> master_user='repl',
    -> master_password='repl666',
    -> master_log_file='mysql_bin.000004',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.08 sec)

mysql> 

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 查看从服务器的状态
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: 
                  Master_Host: 192.168.100.100
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay_bin.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000004
             Slave_IO_Running: yes		# 此处必须为yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: yes		# 此处必须为yes
# 若配置没问题依然显示no请重启服务后重试

验证：
在主服务器的scl库的student表中插入数据：

mysql> select *from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
+----+-----------+------+

mysql> insert into student(name,age) values('chenxi',30),('chengsong',35);

mysql> select *from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
|  5 | chenxi    |   30 |
|  6 | chengsong |   35 |
+----+-----------+------+

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

mysql> select *from scl.student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   21 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
|  4 | zhaoliu   |   23 |
|  5 | chenxi    |   30 |
|  6 | chengsong |   35 |
+----+-----------+------+
# 此处跟主库完全一致说明同步成功